“…Other situations of concern include specific workplaces situated in spaces that may be confined or poorly ventilated or both (for example: underground mines). In such cases, regardless the properties of excavated material or conditions for ongoing activities, favourable circumstances for radon exhalation may be created (UNSCEAR, 2016;Skubacz et al, 2019;Bonczyk et al, 2022aBonczyk et al, , 2022b, formation water may be released (Wysocka et al, 2019;Haluszczak et al, 2013;Kharaka et al, 2013) or increased exposure to external radiation emitted by surrounding walls and rocks may result (Wysocka et al, 2019). Finally, a further obstacle to the identification of NORM exposure situations is the fact that the processing of excavated raw material, use of commodities, products, or merchandise as well as waste treatment often happens outside the industry where they were initially created.…”