Quantum-enhanced sensing on an optical transition via emergent collective quantum correlations

Abstract

The control over quantum states in atomic systems has led to the most precise optical atomic clocks to date [1][2][3]. Their sensitivity is currently bounded by the standard quantum limit, a fundamental floor set by quantum mechanics for uncorrelated particles, which can nevertheless be overcome when operated with entangled particles. Yet demonstrating a quantum advantage in real world sensors is extremely challenging and remains to be achieved aside from two remarkable examples, LIGO [4,5] and more recently HAYSTAC [6]. Here we illustrate a pathway for harnessing scalable entanglement in an optical transition using 1D chains of up to 51 ions with state-dependent interactions that decay as a power-law function of the ion separation. We show our sensor can be made to behave as a oneaxis-twisting (OAT) model, an iconic fully connected model known to generate scalable squeezing [7] and GHZ-like states [8][9][10][11]. The collective nature of the state manifests itself in the preservation of the total transverse magnetization, the reduced growth of finite momentum spin-wave excitations, the generation of spin squeezing comparable to OAT (a Wineland parameter [12,13] of −3.9±0.3 dB for only N = 12 ions) and the development of non-Gaussian states in the form of atomic multi-headed cat states in the Q-distribution. The simplicity of our protocol enables scalability to large arrays with minimal overhead, opening the door to advances in timekeeping as well as new methods for preserving coherence in quantum simulation and computation. We demonstrate this in a Ramseytype interferometer, where we reduce the measurement uncertainty by −3.2 ± 0.5 dB below the standard quantum limit for N = 51 ions.