Quantum biology in low level light therapy: death of a dogma

Sommer, Andrei P.; Schemmer, Peter; Pavláth, Attila E.; Försterling, Horst‐Dieter; Mester, Á.; Trelles, Mario A.

doi:10.21037/atm.2020.03.159

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…This information could justify the fact that mitochondrial ATP synthesis can be stimulated by different wavelengths of LED and laser. 16,17 Based on this premise, and partial results obtained by our research group with patients exhibiting bacterial pneumonia, for which we obtained a reduction in hospital stay from 7 to 2 days, for 9 out of 10 treated patients. 18 We propose to treat patients affected by COVID-19 irradiating their thoracic region daily with R-NIR, with 3 J/cm 2 of radiant exposure.…”

mentioning

confidence: 65%

Photobiomodulation: Shining Light on COVID-19

Fernandes

Lima

Villaverde

et al. 2020

Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery

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Objective: To evaluate the hypothesis that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19. Methods: Most models for projections of the spread and lethality of COVID-19 take into account the ambient temperature, neglecting light. Recent advances in understanding the mechanism of action of COVID-19 have shown that it causes a systemic infection that significantly affects the hematopoietic system and hemostasis, factors extremely dependent of light, mainly in the region of visible and infrared radiation. Results: In the COVID-19 patients hemoglobin is decreasing and protoporphyrin is increasing, generating an extremely harmful accumulation of iron ions in the bloodstream, which are able to induce an intense inflammatory process in the body with a consequent increase in C-reactive protein and albumin. Observing the unsaturation characteristics of the cyclic porphyrin ring allows it to absorb and emit radiation mainly in the visible region. This characteristic can represent an important differential to change this process in the event of an imbalance in this system, through the photobiomodulation to increase the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using red and nearinfrared radiation (R-NIR) and vitamin D using ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. These two compounds have the primary role of activating the defense mechanisms of the immune system, enabling greater resistance of the individual against the attack by the virus. According to the theory of electron excitation in photosensitive molecules, similar to hemoglobin heme, after the photon absorption there would be an increase in the stability of the iron ion bond with the center of the pyrrole ring, preventing the losses of heme function oxygen transport (HbO 2). The light is also absorbed by cytochrome c oxidase in the R-NIR region, with a consequent increase in electron transport, regulating enzyme activity and resulting in a significant increase of oxygen rate consumption by mitochondria, increasing ATP production. Conclusions: The most favorable range of optical radiation to operate in this system is between R-NIR region, in which cytochrome c oxidase and porphyrin present absorption peaks centered at 640 nm and HbO 2 with absorption peak centered at 900 nm. Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.

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mentioning

confidence: 65%

Photobiomodulation: Shining Light on COVID-19

Fernandes

Lima

Villaverde

et al. 2020

Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery

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“… 1 , 8 , 35 Recently, however, that hypothesis has been increasingly challenged, 90 , 91 and a variety of other potential mechanisms and chromophores have been suggested. 2 , 92 – 95 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,8,35 Recently, however, that hypothesis has been increasingly challenged, 90,91 and a variety of other potential mechanisms and chromophores have been suggested. 2,[92][93][94][95] This study provides several insights regarding light-mediated release of NO and how it may relate to PBM mechanisms. Our finding that multiple wavelengths of light caused release of intracellularly stored NO provides further support that other mechanisms are in play.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Wavelength- and irradiance-dependent changes in intracellular nitric oxide level

Pope

Powell²,

Wigle

et al. 2020

J. Biomed. Opt.

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Significance: Photobiomodulation (PBM) refers to the beneficial effects of low-energy light absorption. Although there is a large body of literature describing downstream physiological benefits of PBM, there is a limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. At present, the most popular hypothesis is that light absorption induces release of nitric oxide (NO) from the active site of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), allowing it to bind O 2 instead. This is believed to increase mitochondrial respiration, and result in greater overall health of the cell due to increased adenosine triphosphate production. Aim: Although NO itself is a powerful signaling molecule involved in a host of biological responses, less attention has been devoted to NO mechanisms in the context of PBM. The purpose of our work is to investigate wavelength-specific effects on intracellular NO release in living cells. Approach: We have conducted in-depth dosimetry analyses of NO production and function in an in vitro retinal model in response to low-energy exposure to one or more wavelengths of laser light. Results: We found statistically significant wavelength-dependent elevations (10% to 30%) in intracellular NO levels following laser exposures at 447, 532, 635, or 808 nm. Sequential or simultaneous exposures to light at two different wavelengths enhanced the NO modulation up to 50% of unexposed controls. Additionally, the immediate increases in cellular NO levels were independent of the function of NO synthase, depended greatly on the substrate source of electrons entering the electron transport chain, and did not result in increased levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Conclusions: Our study concludes the simple model of light-mediated release of NO from COX is unlikely to explain the wide variety of PBM effects reported in the literature. Our multiwavelength method provides a novel tool for studying immediate and early mechanisms of PBM as well as exploring intracellular NO signaling networks.

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“…The main mechanisms considered for the observed biological response is the absorbance of low-level light irradiation by cellular photoreceptors or ROS production and subsequent generation of highly reactive, transient biochemical intermediates, changes in cellular ionic gradients or cell polarity and ultimate increase in ATP production, recruitment of transcription factors and increase in cell activity. This results a secondary phase of responses including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, angiogenesis, production of growth factors and matrix synthesis which contribute to promotion of wound healing [ 21 – 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of photobiomodulation in secondary intention gingival wound healing—a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2021

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Background Photobiomodulation is widely being used to improve the wound healing process in dentistry and a vast majority of studies have proven its benefits. But there are plenty of knowledge gaps according to the optimal laser characteristics which should be used to maximize the healing effects of lasers. The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) as an adjunctive treatment to periodontal therapies to evaluate secondary intention gingival wound healing and post-operative pain. Methods Five databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web of Sciences) were searched up to November 30, 2020, for clinical trials that reported the result of the application of PBM on secondary gingival healing wounds and post-operative pain and discomfort after periodontal surgeries. Two independent reviewers selected the eligible studies and the outcomes of interest were extracted. The quality of eligible studies was assessed using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Results Ultimately, twelve studies were included in this review. The application of PBM as an adjunct to periodontal surgeries resulted in a significant improvement in wound healing indices. The Landry wound healing index at the 7th post-operative day was significantly improved (SMD = 1.044 [95% CI 0.62–1.46]; p < 0.01) in PBM + surgery groups compared to the control groups. There was also a statistically significant increase in the complete wound epithelialization (RR = 3.23 [95% CI 1.66–6.31]; p < 0.01) at the 14th post-operative day compared to the control groups. The methods used to assess the post-operative pain were heterogeneous, and therefore the results were limited which made the meta-analysis for post-operative pain assessment not possible. Conclusion Based on the results of this review, PBM can be effectively used as a method to improve secondary intention wound healing. High-quality randomized clinical trials, however, are needed in the future to identify the optimal PBM irradiation parameters and the effect of PBM on post-operative pain.

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Quantum biology in low level light therapy: death of a dogma

Cited by 25 publications

References 45 publications

Photobiomodulation: Shining Light on COVID-19

Photobiomodulation: Shining Light on COVID-19

Wavelength- and irradiance-dependent changes in intracellular nitric oxide level

Effect of photobiomodulation in secondary intention gingival wound healing—a systematic review and meta-analysis

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