Quantum Adaptivity in Biology: From Genetics to Cognition

Violation of contextual generalization of the Leggett–Garg inequality for recognition of ambiguous figures

“…(We also remark that T. Nieuwenhuizen invented the terminology Contextuality Loophole summarizing outputs of studies [31], [9], [28]- [30], [32]- [36]. ) We point out that contextual dependent systems (in physics, biology, economics, finances, and social science) and non-Kolmogorov probability theory can be described mathematically [19], [8] by the adaptive dynamics and the operation of lifting (the latter is widely used in quantum information theory [40]). …”

“…One of the basic intrinsically quantum probabilistic effects is violation of the formula of total probability which is experimentally exhibited in the interference effect [6]- [8]. In a series of papers [1]- [3] such an effect was found in experimental data collected in sequential recognition of a pair of ambiguous figures.…”

“…We interpret the LG inequality as a kind of contextual probabilistic inequality in which one combines data collected in experiments performed for three different contexts, cf. [9], [6], [10], [15], [8]. In the original version of the inequality these contexts have the temporal nature and they are given by three pairs of instances of time, (t1, t2), (t2, t3), (t3, t4), where t1 < t2 < t3.…”

“…8 And during the next 80 years analysis of properties of (finite and infinite) families of random variables defined on one fixed probability space was the main activity in probability theory.…”

Links between fluid mechanics and quantum mechanics: a model for information in economics?

“…There is an intense amount of work which is underway in applying quantum physical concepts to other areas of (social) science, especially in psychology and now also in biology. The recent work by Asano et al [15] sheds light on how quantum information theory can explain information processing in biological systems.…”