Quantity and quality characteristics of greywater: A review

Shaikh, Irshad N.; Ahammed, M. Mansoor

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110266

Cited by 104 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 104 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Greywater reuse, after treatment, sustains water resources by conserving irrigation water and protects the Untreated greywater normally contains higher nutrients and bacterial populations than tap water, but the treatment process reduces the concentration of most unwanted greywater parameters and brings them into irrigation standards [25]. A recent review on quality and quantity of greywater reuse showed large variations in greywater quality and quantity associated with time and source, and the filtration treatment [33]. Interestingly, that review concluded that heavy metals and organic micro-pollutants in treated greywater rarely pose a threat to human health if recycled properly.…”

Section: Food and Forage Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Assessment of Treated Greywater Reuse in Irrigation on Growth and Protein Content of Prosopis and Albizia

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study investigated the influence of treated greywater on growth and protein content of multipurpose (forage and ornamental) transplants, Prosopis juliflora L., Prosopis tamarugo L., and Albizia lebbeck L. Transplants of tested species were irrigated with treated greywater, diluted greywater (grey + distilled water, 1:1/by volume), and distilled water (control) for seven months. Water quality analysis showed that the concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals found in the greywater were within the acceptable range compared with Jordan Institution for Standard and Metrology (JISM) and the World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds for safe use of greywater. Escherichia coli found in the greywater were lower compared to JISM and WHO guidelines for the safe use of greywater. Irrigation with treated greywater increased shoot fresh weight by 24–39% and dry weight by 34–40% compared to diluted greywater and control. No significant difference in crude protein was noticed between water treatments. Prosopis species (P. juliflora Albizia lebbeck L. and P. tamarugo Albizia lebbeck L.) had higher shoot fresh (35%) and dry weight the same species had lower crude protein (44%) when compared to Albizia lebbeck Albizia lebbeck L. The reuse of treated greywater for landscaping or forage production alleviates the demand for water resources and reduces the pressure on wastewater treatment plants. However, considering the controversial findings of previous studies on greywater quality (especially, long-term reuse), the reuse of treated greywater needs to be considered with caution and periodic quality analyses and economic assessments are required.

show abstract

Section: Food and Forage Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Assessment of Treated Greywater Reuse in Irrigation on Growth and Protein Content of Prosopis and Albizia

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Greywater flowrate and variability is vital for the design of micro-scale treatment systems [ 16 ]. While previous studies reported that the majority of greywater flows occur between 7–10 am and 5–10 pm, data about the exact duration of water use and the quantities of greywater generated per use for different household activities are scarce.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total quantity of greywater generated by the participating students was within the same range reported in the literature. Shaikh and Ahammed [ 16 ] calculated greywater production on average 71 L d −1 per inhabitant for high income countries, which consisted between 60–75% of the total household water consumption [ 14 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Nghiem et al [ 15 ], the rapid flux decline in direct membrane filtration was attributed to the organics and calcium present in greywater. Other fouling components include particulate matter (organic and inorganic), surfactants and pathogens [ 2 , 4 , 14 , 16 , 17 ]. In order to minimize membrane fouling, it is; thus, necessary to decrease the concentration of organic foulants (particulate and soluble) inside the membrane tank [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Performance of a Micro-Scale Membrane Reactor for Greywater Treatment at Household Level

Diamantis

2021

Membranes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An aerated membrane reactor (25 L working volume) equipped with 1.5 m2 hollow-fiber module was designed and operated using synthetic greywater for household water reuse. Activated sludge (MBR), activated carbon (PAC), zeolite (ZEO) and iron hydroxide (GEH) were added in separate experiments to optimize membrane hydraulic performance and removal efficiency of organics. The use of additives improved permeate quality (in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand—COD) compared to the direct membrane filtration mode of operation. GEH and MBR were efficient for phosphorus removal, which was not the case for PAC and ZEO. No significant improvement of membrane flux was recorded when PAC, ZEO or GEH were added inside the membrane tank. The MBR system displayed optimum performance during medium-term operation, with COD removal efficiency 85% and permeate flux between 40 and 25 L m−2 h−1. The capital costs of the proposed technology were around 300 € and the operational costs below 80 € yr−1, rendering the process feasible at household level. Greywater treatment systems for household applications are still on their infancy; however, this trend is expected to change due public perception towards circular economy, water conservation and reuse.

show abstract

“…In addition, it has also been reported that greywater cotains metals such as cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) at low concentrations (Eriksson & Donner 2009). Furthermore, its chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) ratios are generally around 4:1, indicating a high chemical content (Shaikh & Ahammed 2020). However, pathogens and nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen are usually lower than in domestic wastewater (Etchepare & van der Hoek 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reusability performance of green zinc oxide nanoparticles for photocatalysis of bathroom greywater

Yashni

Al-Gheethi

2020

Water Practice and Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study aims to investigate the potential of green zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in reusability performance for photocatalysis of bathroom greywater. It was found that ZnO NPs photocatalytic treatment of real bathroom greywater (RBGW) effluent reduces both the COD and BOD5 concentrations by 72.01, 62.75 and 57.79% (COD) and 70.18, 60.32 and 57.56% (BOD5) respectively for the first, second and third cycle. Meanwhile for the photocatalysis of ABGW, it was observed that COD and BOD5 were removed by 82.27, 68.27 and 60.96% (COD) and 82.91, 74.37 and 60.39% (BOD5) for the first, second and third cycle respectively. Besides, TSS and turbidity were reduced by 52.34, 46.85 and 37.98% (TSS) and 80.38, 67.65 and 56.81% (turbidity) respectively in RBGW and for ABGW, TSS and turbidity were reduced by 60.94, 52.37 and 41.95% (TSS) and 80.68, 72.63 and 69.91% (turbidity) for the first, second and third experimental run respectively. This designates that green ZnO NPs can be reused multiple times as an effective photocatalyst. However, ZnO NPs were used in the dispersed form, which causes difficulty in the separation of ZnO NPs from the greywater. Thus, further investigation in producing appropriate fixed film should be focused. Moreover, phytotoxicity analysis of V. radiate seeds in the treated ABGW and RBGW was not significantly different from their germination in water. This assured the less lethal nature of the degradation metabolites in greywater effluent. This investigation would be a solution to wastewater treatment plant for reusing photocatalyst in order to achieve the development of advanced and greener technologies. Highlight The potential of green ZnO Nanoparticles in degrading bathroom greywater is discussed. The reusability performance of green zinc oxide nanoparticles for photocatalysis of bathroom greywater is also discussed.

show abstract

Quantity and quality characteristics of greywater: A review

Cited by 104 publications

References 104 publications

An Assessment of Treated Greywater Reuse in Irrigation on Growth and Protein Content of Prosopis and Albizia

An Assessment of Treated Greywater Reuse in Irrigation on Growth and Protein Content of Prosopis and Albizia

Performance of a Micro-Scale Membrane Reactor for Greywater Treatment at Household Level

Reusability performance of green zinc oxide nanoparticles for photocatalysis of bathroom greywater

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About