Quantities of lead producing health effects in humans: sources and bioavailability.

Mahaffey, Kathryn R.

doi:10.1289/ehp.7719285

Cited by 52 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…The wide spread industrial production of perfumes, batteries, oils and fats, cement-making, quarrying (especially limestone), and brick-making, as well as, agricultural discharges, sewage effluents, high ways or motor boat traffic, mine and smelting operations, consider main sources of lead in the environment. Discarded manufactured materials to air, soil, water, and food have led to widespread human and animal intoxication (Humphreys, 1991;Mahaffey, 1977). The predominant sources exposure to Cd are through lubricating oils, diesel oil, fertilizers and rubber car tires as well as, the use of fertilizers and sludge containing Cd (Skalická et al, 2002).…”

Section: Lead and Cadmiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals for Egyptian Population via Consumption of Poultry Edibles

Mahmoud¹

2015

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.

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| Exposure to heavy metals through poultry consumption may lead to health risks in Egypt, especially in areas with expanding industrial and agricultural activities. Lead (Pb), Cadmium (cd), Aluminum (Al) and Nickel (Ni) concentrations were determined in poultry muscle and liver using ZEEnit 700P Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with Graphite Furness. Mean concentrations of Pb and Cd in poultry muscle and liver exceeded the maximum tolerable limit set by the European communities. However, Al and Ni concentrations were below the guideline limits. According to the Egyptian standardization, only 33% and 66% of liver and muscle samples from Assiut exceeded the limit, respectively. The estimated weekly and daily intakes in the examined samples were below the FAO/WHO Guidelines limits. Meanwhile, Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) were calculated to estimate the human health risk of Egyptian population. In this study, THQ and HI were more than 1 for Cd when compared with their reference dose (RfD) in poultry edibles from both Assiut and Qena. The study emphasizes the potential public health risk of Cd contamination from poultry consumption to the local inhabitants in Egypt.

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Section: Lead and Cadmiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals for Egyptian Population via Consumption of Poultry Edibles

Mahmoud¹

2015

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.

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“…More recently, Der and associates (9) showed that rats fed low protein diets and poisoned with lead suffered marked retardation of growth and reproduction and increased incidence of infection. However, as pointed out by Mahaffey (10), inappropriate lead dosage may have confounded these studies. Barltrop and Khoo found that high as well as low protein diets elevated the lead content of certain tissues (3).…”

Section: April 1979 Macronutrients Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead toxicity and nutritional deficiencies.

Levander¹

1979

Environ Health Perspect

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Under appropriate conditions, deficiencies of certain minerals and vitamins as well as high intakes of dietary fat increase the toxicity of a given dose of lead in experimental animals. The severity of lead poisoning can also be increased by the consumption of either deficient or excessive levels of protein. Mineral deficiencies appear to have some of the most profound effects on lead toxicity, since the consequences of plumbism can be exaggerated by feeding diets low in calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and in some cases, copper. Evidence for an antagonism between lead and nutritional levels of selenium is inconclusive. Vitamin E deficiency and lead poisoning interact to produce an anemia in rats that is more severe than that caused by either treatment alone. Lead apparently exerts a pro-oxidant stress on the red cell, thereby causing its accelerated destruction. One of the biochemical mechanisms of lead poisoning may be the disruption of normal membrane architecture, thereby leading to peroxidative damage. Epidemiological surveys have suggested a negative correlation between the poor nutritional status of children with regard to calcium and the concentration of lead in blood. Other examples of potential interactions of mineral status and lead poisoning in humans include the hypothesized hazards of soft water to public health in areas with lead plumbing and the possible role of mineral deficiencies in the etiology of pica. Experimental studies have shown that in some situations combined nutritional deficiencies can have an additive effect in potentiating lead toxicity.

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“…Thus, public health efforts have been aimed at preventing exposure to lead. Sources of exposure include air, water, and soil as well as concentrated lead sources such as lead-based paint, automotive batteries, fishing sinkers, shot gun pellets, sewage sludge, lead mine tailings, oil and gasoline, as well as lead contaminated pottery and jewelry, and lead-based inks used in food packaging such as candy wrappers [2,3]. Much of the emphasis on prevention has been focused on lead-based paints since they are the primary source of childhood lead exposure and, recently, on the lead levels in candy products likely to be consumed frequently by small children [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%