Quantitative velocity distributions via nuclear magnetic resonance flow metering

O’Neill, Keelan; Fridjonsson, Einar O.; Stanwix, Paul L.; Johns, Michael L.

doi:10.1016/j.jmr.2016.06.008

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…Conversely, if the penalty function is too large, then not enough weight is given to the exact analytical solution. For this work

α

values were selected using the generalized cross‐validation (GCV) method, which is described in more detail elsewhere [ Wahba , ; Wilson , ; Hollingsworth and Johns , ; O'Neill et al ., ]. The general principle behind GCV is based on sequentially removing a data point from s and determining which value of

α

generates a regularized solution that best predicts the omitted data.…”

Section: Experimental Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Capillary trapping quantification in sandstones using NMR relaxometry

Connolly

Vogt

Iglauer

et al. 2017

Water Resources Research

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Capillary trapping of a non‐wetting phase arising from two‐phase immiscible flow in sedimentary rocks is critical to many geoscience scenarios, including oil and gas recovery, aquifer recharge and, with increasing interest, carbon sequestration. Here we demonstrate the successful use of low field 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance [NMR] to quantify capillary trapping; specifically we use transverse relaxation time [T2] time measurements to measure both residual water [wetting phase] content and the surface‐to‐volume ratio distribution (which is proportional to pore size] of the void space occupied by this residual water. Critically we systematically confirm this relationship between T2 and pore size by quantifying inter‐pore magnetic field gradients due to magnetic susceptibility contrast, and demonstrate that our measurements at all water saturations are unaffected. Diffusion in such field gradients can potentially severely distort the T2‐pore size relationship, rendering it unusable. Measurements are performed for nitrogen injection into a range of water‐saturated sandstone plugs at reservoir conditions. Consistent with a water‐wet system, water was preferentially displaced from larger pores while relatively little change was observed in the water occupying smaller pore spaces. The impact of cyclic wetting/non‐wetting fluid injection was explored and indicated that such a regime increased non‐wetting trapping efficiency by the sequential occupation of the most available larger pores by nitrogen. Finally the replacement of nitrogen by CO2 was considered; this revealed that dissolution of paramagnetic minerals from the sandstone caused by its exposure to carbonic acid reduced the in situ bulk fluid T2 relaxation time on a timescale comparable to our core flooding experiments. The implications of this for the T2‐pore size relationship are discussed.

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“…Conversely, if the penalty function is too large, then not enough weight is given to the exact analytical solution. For this work

α

α

generates a regularized solution that best predicts the omitted data.…”

Section: Experimental Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Capillary trapping quantification in sandstones using NMR relaxometry

Connolly

Vogt

Iglauer

et al. 2017

Water Resources Research

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It is therefore very popular to employ this technique in low-cost low-field MR spectrometers. Beyond the two kinds of MR-based methods, O'Neill et al invented an Earth's field magnetic resonance flow meter to measure the velocity probability distribution and T1-velocity probability distribution of multiphase flow [40][41][42].…”

Section: Song Et Al (2005) Employed the Multiple Modulation Multiple ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laminar flow characterization using low-field magnetic resonance techniques

et al. 2021

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Laminar flow velocity profiles depend heavily on fluid rheology. Developing methods of laminar flow characterization, based on low-field magnetic resonance (MR), contributes to the widespread industrial application of the MR technique in rheology.In this paper, we designed a low-cost, palm-sized permanent magnet with a 1 H resonance frequency of 20.48 MHz to measure laminar flow. The magnet consists of two disk magnets, which were each tilted at an angle of 1˚ from a starting separation of 1.4 cm to generate a constant gradient, 65 gauss/cm, in the direction of flow.Subsequently, a series of process methods, for MR measurements, were proposed to characterize Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid flows in a pipe, including phasebased method, magnitude-based method, and velocity spectrum method. The accuracies of the proposed methods were validated by simulations, and experiments of Poiseuille flow and shear-thinning flow on the designed magnet. The new velocity profile methods proposed are advantageous because the MR instrumentation and measurement methods are simple and portable. The sophistication is found in the analysis although the physical principles are straight forward.

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“…In 2014, the University of Western Australia demonstrated an instrument using the Earth magnetic field to study the velocity distribution and flow regime by free induction decay signal (FID). Meanwhile, by the relaxation parameters T 1 , T 2 and the total NMR signal in flow state, it can also be used to early nondestructive detection of active biofouling of a commercial spiral wound reverse osmosis membrane module (Fridjonsson et al 2014;O'Neill et al 2016;Fridjonsson et al 2015). In order to accommodate the NMR device in a different geological atmosphere, the NMR Laboratory of CUPB began the study of NMR fluid analyzer since 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMR fluid analyzer applying to petroleum industry

et al. 2021

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Tremendous progress of developing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) fluid analyzer has been witnessed in the oil industry for last two decades. This device allows extensive and accurate exploration of fluid properties, such as its hydrogen content, composition, viscosity, hydrogen index (HI), mud filtrate invasion, gas to oil ratio, average velocity, velocity distribution etc., in the situations of in situ downhole or surface Petro-pipelines. In this review article, we focus on the design principle, manufacturing, implementation, methodology and applications of NMR fluid analyzer to oil and gas industry. A detailed description of the state-of-art NMR fluid analyzers was firstly given to exhibit their respective characteristics. With these experiences on hand, we introduced a series of NMR fluid analyzers designed by us at China University of Petroleum-Beijing with continuous optimizations, in terms of magnet construction, antenna layout, circuit design and operating surroundings. These systems discussed in this article have been demonstrated to achieve multiple NMR parameter acquisition when the fluid is in stationary or flowing state. In the end, a prototype was fabricated and validated considering a vast of engineering influences, such as variable temperatures in a large range, high pressure, limited volume, detection efficiency, etc. A particular emphasis of this paper is to expedite the measurement efficiency of the NMR fluid analyzer to reduce the operation costs. This dilemma can be Figured out by upgrading both pulse sequence and observational mode. For different fluid states, two rapid pulse sequences were proposed to sufficiently obtain the multi-dimensional NMR correlation map. Meanwhile, two observational modes were developed to take full advantage of the polarization time, during which the individual antenna was systematically switched. Another domain of interest in this review concerns the applications of this new tool. For stationary fluids case, accurate identification of fluid properties is of great value for scheme building in oil and gas exploration process. Particularly, it can acquire the fluid content by different NMR responses of different components. In addition, with Bloembergen theory and Stokes–Einstein equation, not only molecular dynamics and composition, but also oil viscosity can be readily evaluated. Moreover, HI information of crude oils will be speculated through partial least square regression. As for flowing fluids case, velocity is a significant parameter to understand the in situ fluid exploitation and therefore evaluate the productivity of certain oil wells or pipelines. Regarding to the unique magnet and antenna designs in our NMR fluid analyzer; this review adopts two distinct methods to obtain flow velocity at a wide rating scale. The first one is a time-of-flight method adaptive in a homogeneous magnetic field, which is suitable in the case of fluid at high flow velocity. The other one relies on the adjacent echo phase difference at a magnetic field with constant gradient, which is preferred for relatively low flow velocity. In the near future, this tool will be tested underground to offer individual fluid velocities by combining both the stationary and flowing analysis methods.

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Quantitative velocity distributions via nuclear magnetic resonance flow metering

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Capillary trapping quantification in sandstones using NMR relaxometry

Capillary trapping quantification in sandstones using NMR relaxometry

Laminar flow characterization using low-field magnetic resonance techniques

NMR fluid analyzer applying to petroleum industry

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