Quantitative Topographical Evaluation of the Orbitozygomatic Complex

Abstract

Low variability between measurements within the same individual (<1.5 mm) underscores the reliability of the chosen landmarks and techniques in the determination of orbitozygomatic complex position. Second, the complex occupies a consistent position among individuals, as shown by the low intersubject variability. Third, there is no statistically significant difference in the position of the complex, in any plane of space, between the left and right sides of the face. Thus, the authors' method may be used to determine the degree of complex displacement in individuals with unilateral facial trauma or with unilateral residual postsurgical deformity, and to calculate the amount of realignment needed to produce a symmetrical facial appearance.

Rapid 3-Dimensional Anthropometry by Semiautomatic Data Acquisition and Processing

“…The interobserver variability ranged from 2.9 to 9.1 mm (3% to 9.6%). 5 Another study of sagittal orbital anthropometry discerned 0.2-mm exactness of the orbital anthropometer that, however, differed significantly from the semiautomatic anthropometric caliper used in this study. Further, 1% intraob- Semiautomatic Anthropometry server error and mostly nonsignificant interobserver differences were reported.…”

“…The refinement of the algorithm will provide reliable estimation of the accuracy of positioning of several surgical techniques of fracture repositioning and fixation. 5 Using the Ophistocranion as dorsal landmark (z-axis definition) was considered slightly less exact and reproducible as the tragus.…”

Quantitative Determination of Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Position Based on Computed Tomographic Imaging

“…Unsatisfactory outcomes often result from undetected ZMC axial rotations, such as the greater wind of the sphenoid. 4,14 We adopted the reference points described by Donald 10 and modified by Czerwinski et al, 7 who validated that the system is reliable and simple; furthermore, they confirmed that the system is suitable for describing the relative position of ZMC by using only 6 references, which are zy, n, mz, or, v, and op, and direct measurement. Direct anthropometry may lead to patient discomfort and is time consuming; furthermore, the relationship between skeletal and soft tissue cannot be defined and evaluated clearly.…”

“…Quantitatively evaluating the topography of the ZMC is another approach for assessing ZMC fractures associated with soft tissue deformities. 7,8 However, this approach is not widely applied because it is time consuming and is marred by motion artifacts; furthermore, it entails performing inconvenient repetitive measurements and produces poor evaluation outcomes for bony parts. Three-dimensional digital photogrammetry is widely applied in many institutes.…”

Topographical CT-data analysis of the human orbital floor

“…Historically, indirect soft-tissue anthropometric points and direct cephalometric points of the bony skull were used for measurement of the facial skeleton. The mean intra-subject variability for setting these landmarks lies between 0.7 mm and 1.5 mm 11,12 . Needle, caliper and tape measures are now obsolete, and, increasingly, modern computer-aided methods are used 6,19 .…”