Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping of Human Brain at 3T: A Multisite Reproducibility Study

Lin, P. Y.; Chao, Teng‐Chih; Wu, Ming Long

doi:10.3174/ajnr.a4137

Cited by 57 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…As compared to previous work16171819, the main goal of this study is to see what level of variance in R2* and susceptibility measurements should be expected and tolerated given other inevitable influencing factors, as if in the cases of a large scale multi-center study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence the stability of the obtained quantitative R2* and susceptibility is a key issue for their widespread applications, given the fact that many factors may introduce variance to the final measurements. There have been recent attempts in investigating this issue: Lin et al 16. first investigated the longitudinal reproducibility on three different scanners; Hinoda et al 17.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Stability of R2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping of the brain tissue in a large scale multi-center study

Wang

Xie

Zhai

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Multi-center studies are advantageous for enrolling participants of varying pathological and demographical conditions, and especially in neurological studies. Hence stability of the obtained quantitative R2* and susceptibility in multicenter studies is a key issue for their widespread applications. In this work, the stabilities of simultaneously obtained R2* and susceptibility are investigated and compared across 10 sites that are equipped with the same scanner and receiver coil, the same post-processing process was used to achieve consistent experiment setup. Two healthy adult volunteers (one male and female) participated in this study. High intraclass correlation coefficient was obtained for both susceptibility (0.94) and R2* (0.96). The coefficients of variance for all measurements obtained were smaller than 0.1, the largest variations of measurements in all the chosen ROIs fall within ±20% from the median value. Higher level of stability was obtained in R2* as compared to susceptibility at 1 mm resolution (P < 0.05) and at 1.5 mm (P < 0.01).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of R2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping of the brain tissue in a large scale multi-center study

Wang

Xie

Zhai

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…Recent work found lesser reproducibility in the measurement of susceptibility of the red nucleus and substantia nigra than the structures of the basal ganglia, using the PDF method for background field removal (Lin et al, 2014). Differences in the age dependency of substantia nigra susceptibility have also been reported between L1 and L2 regularizations (Bilgic et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and sex related differences in subcortical brain iron concentrations among healthy adults

et al. 2015

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Age and sex can influence brain iron levels. We studied the influence of these variables on deep gray matter magnetic susceptibilities. In 183 healthy volunteers (44.7 ± 14.2 years, range 20-69, ♀ 49%), in vivo Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) at 1.5T was performed to estimate brain iron accumulation in the following regions of interest (ROIs): caudate nucleus (Cd), putamen (Pt), globus pallidus (Gp), thalamus (Th), pulvinar (Pul), red nucleus (Rn), substantia nigra (Sn) and the cerebellar dentate nuclei (Dn). We gauged the influence of age and sex on magnetic susceptibility by specifying a series of Structural Equation Models. The distributions of susceptibility varied in degree across the structures, conforming to histologic findings (Hallgren & Sourander, 1958), with the highest degree of susceptibility in the Gp and the lowest in the Th. Iron increase correlated across several ROIs, which may reflect an underlying age-related process. Advanced age was associated with a particularly strong linear rise of susceptibility in the striatum. Nonlinear age trends were found in the Rn, where they were the most pronounced, followed by the Pul and Sn, while minimal nonlinear trends were observed for the Pt, Th, and Dn. Moreover, sex related variations were observed, so that women showed lower levels of susceptibility in the Sn after accounting for age. Regional susceptibility of the Pul increased linearly with age in men but exhibited a nonlinear association with age in women with a leveling off starting from midlife. Women expected to be post menopause (+51 years) showed lower total magnetic susceptibility in the subcortical gray matter. The current report is consistent with previous reports of age related variations of brain iron, but also adds to the current knowledge by reporting age-related changes in less studied, smaller subcortical nuclei. This is the first in-vivo report to show lower total subcortical brain iron levels selectively in women from midlife, compared to men and younger women. These results encourage further assessment of sex differences in brain iron. We anticipate that age and sex are important co-factors to take into account when establishing a baseline level for differentiating pathologic neurodegeneration from healthy aging. The variations in regional susceptibility reported herein should be evaluated further using a longitudinal study design to determine within-person age related changes.

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“…Previous investigations that examined the reproducibility of QSM by using phantoms are now known to have 2 specific shortcomings. First, studies before 2015 used specific algorithms that performed a key dipole inversion step either without regularization, or by minimization of a linear data term with L1‐regularization, which consistently yielded moderate to severe streaking artifacts in resultant images . Subsequently developed post‐processing methods have been able to more effectively suppress these streaking artifacts, most notably by minimizing a nonlinear data fidelity term with L1‐regularization .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multicenter reproducibility of quantitative susceptibility mapping in a gadolinium phantom using MEDI+0 automatic zero referencing

Deh

Kawaji

Bulk

et al. 2018

Magnetic Resonance in Med

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Purpose To determine the reproducibility of quantitative susceptibility mapping at multiple sites on clinical and preclinical scanners (1.5 T, 3 T, 7 T, and 9.4 T) from different vendors (Siemens, GE, Philips, and Bruker) for standardization of multicenter studies. Methods Seven phantoms distributed from the core site, each containing 5 compartments with gadolinium solutions with fixed concentrations between 0.625 mM and 10 mM. Multi‐echo gradient echo scans were performed at 1.5 T, 3 T, 7 T, and 9.4 T on 12 clinical and 3 preclinical scanners. DICOM images from the scans were processed into quantitative susceptibility maps using the Laplacian boundary value (LBV) and MEDI+0 automatic uniform reference algorithm. Region of interest (ROI) analyses were performed by a physicist to determine agreement between results from all sites. Measurement reproducibility was assessed using regression, Bland‐Altman plots, and the intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) from all scanners had similar, artifact‐free visual appearance. Regression analysis showed a linear relationship between gadolinium concentrations and average QSM measurements for all phantoms (y = 350x – 0.0346, r2>0.99). The SD of measurements increased almost linearly from 32 ppb to 230 ppb as the measured susceptibility increased from 0.26 ppm to 3.56 ppm. A Bland‐Altman plot showed the bias, upper, and lower limits of agreement for all comparisons were −10, −210, and 200 ppb, respectively. The ICC was 0.991 with a 95% CI (0.973, 0.99). Conclusions QSM shows excellent multicenter reproducibility for a large range of susceptibility values encountered in cranial and extra‐cranial applications on a diverse set of scanner platforms.

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Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping of Human Brain at 3T: A Multisite Reproducibility Study

Cited by 57 publications

References 27 publications

Stability of R2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping of the brain tissue in a large scale multi-center study

Stability of R2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping of the brain tissue in a large scale multi-center study

Age and sex related differences in subcortical brain iron concentrations among healthy adults

Multicenter reproducibility of quantitative susceptibility mapping in a gadolinium phantom using MEDI+0 automatic zero referencing

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