Quantitative Studies on Fabrics as Disseminators of Viruses

Sidwell, Robert W.; Dixon, Glen J.; McNeil, Ethel

doi:10.1128/aem.15.4.921-927.1967

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 2 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…( 39 ) Poliovirus survives longer on woolen fabrics, with documented recovery of up to 20 weeks at 35% RH, ( 43 ) and is more easily transferred from woolen (or nylon) to other fabrics. ( 200 ) Common virucidal agents have no effect on fabrics impregnated with poliovirus. ( 199 )…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Containment of Polioviruses After Eradication and OPV Cessation: Characterizing Risks to Improve Management

Dowdle

Avoort²,

Gourville³

et al. 2006

Risk Analysis

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The goal of the World Health Organization is to stop routine use of oral poliovirus vaccine shortly after interruption of wild poliovirus transmission. A key component of this goal is to minimize the risk of reintroduction by destruction of polioviruses except in an absolute minimum number of facilities that serve essential functions and implement effective containment. Effective containment begins with a complete facility risk assessment. This article focuses on characterizing the risks of exposure to polioviruses from the essential vaccine production, quality control, and international reference and research facilities that remain. We consider the potential exposure pathways that might lead to a poliovirus reintroduction, including para-occupational exposures and releases to the environment, and review the literature to provide available estimates and a qualitative assessment of containment risks. Minimizing the risk of poliovirus transmission from a poliovirus facility to increasingly susceptible communities is a crucial and ongoing effort requiring understanding and actively managing the potential exposure pathways.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Containment of Polioviruses After Eradication and OPV Cessation: Characterizing Risks to Improve Management

Dowdle

Avoort²,

Gourville³

et al. 2006

Risk Analysis

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“…The MEF-1 strain of poliovirus, obtained in cell culture suspension from Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich., was used in this study. This virus was the same as that used in our previously reported work (15).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cotton sheeting, cotton terry cloth, washable wool shirting, wool blanketing, dull nylon jersey, and dacron/cotton shirting were utilized. These fabrics were described fully in the preceding report (15). Prior to use in these studies, each fabric was laundered twice using the appropriate washing machine setting for each, in either anionic or nonionic detergent.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that such fabrics could play an important role in the dissemination of virus diseases. In the preceding report (15) this premise of fabrics as fomites was strengthened by the demonstration that viable polio and vaccinia virus remaining on fabrics after being dried were readily transferred to other fabrics during dry, random, tumbling contact. In some cases, significant titers of virus were transferred within 1 min after initiation of this contact.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Quantitative Studies on Fabrics as Disseminators of Viruses

Sidwell¹,

Dixon²,

Westbrook³

et al. 1971

Applied Microbiology

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The effects of laundering with both anionic and nonionic detergents in cold, warm, and hot water on poliovirus-contaminated cotton sheeting, cotton terry cloth, washable wool shirting, wool blanketing, dull nylon jersey, and dacron/cotton shirting were determined. The fabrics were exposed to virus by aerosolization and direct contact (pipette) in separate studies. Although the results varied with each factor used in the study, virus titers on all the fabrics were generally reduced considerably by the laundering process. When the fabrics were dried for 20 hr after laundering, an additional decline in virus titers was seen, often to below detectable levels. The type of detergent used made little difference in effect on virus titer reduction, but the hot wash water markedly reduced the detectable virus. Fabric type was not a major factor in the majority of the experiments, although virus tended to be eliminated more readily from the nylon jersey, and in warm water the virus persisted longer on wool blanketing material laundered in anionic detergent. Sterile fabrics of each type laundered with similar fabrics which contained virus often became contaminated by the virus during the laundering process. Virus titers ranging from undetectable to 1039 cell culture 50% infectious doses/ml were obtained from samples of the rinse water after warm-and cold-water laundering.

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“…The virucidal activity of each was evaluated statistically by use of a virus rating (VR), in which toxicity, degree of CPE inhibition, and minimum active dilution of the test compound were considered. The method of Ehrlich et al (5) was used with minor modifications as described in an earlier report (6). A VR of 1.0 or greater was interpreted to indicate definite activity, whereas a rating of 0.5 to 0.9 indicated questionable activity, and any rating of less than 0.5 was considered insignificant and interpreted as no apparent virueidal activity.…”

Section: Determination Of Virucidal Effects Of Test Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of virucides in controlling virus dissemination by fabrics

Sidwell

Dixon

1969

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Vaccinia virus, a lipophilic agent containing deoxyribonucleic acid, and poliovirus, a hydrophilic ribonucleic acid virus, persisted on wool and cotton fabrics for varying periods up to 20 weeks, which was of sufficient duration to be of epidemiological significance. The length of persistence of each virus varied with the type of fabric, humidity and method of exposure to the virus. A group of quaternary ammonium salts and bromosalicylanilides were evaluated quantitatively for virucidal activity against these viruses in a cell culture system. None of the compounds was active against poliovirus, but three of the quaternary ammonium compounds significantly inactivated vaccinia virus. Impregnation of wool and cotton fabrics with one of these compounds resulted in a marked decrease in vaccinia virus persistence. Both polio and vaccinia viruses persisted for less than five days on a cotton fabric finished with a modified triazone resin to impart a wash‐and‐wear property. Cotton fabric contaminated with vaccinia or with poliovirus was laundered with an anionic detergent and a nonionic detergent. This laundering reduced but did not eliminate the virus. Sterile fabric was contaminated with virus when laundered with the virus‐containing fabrics. Drying the fabrics for 20 hr after laundering reduced the virus titers to below detectable limits.

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Quantitative Studies on Fabrics as Disseminators of Viruses

Cited by 17 publications

References 2 publications

Containment of Polioviruses After Eradication and OPV Cessation: Characterizing Risks to Improve Management

Containment of Polioviruses After Eradication and OPV Cessation: Characterizing Risks to Improve Management

Quantitative Studies on Fabrics as Disseminators of Viruses

Role of virucides in controlling virus dissemination by fabrics

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