Quantitative Studies of the Root Apical Meristem of Equisetum scirpoides

Gifford, Ernest M.; Kurth, Eva

doi:10.2307/2443152

Cited by 10 publications

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“…It is widely accepted that most fern RAMs have an apical cell of a large pyramidal form (Ogura, ; Gifford, , ), but the presence of a QC in ferns is controversial. It had been suggested that leptosporangiate ferns had root apical cells with a quiescent nature (D'Amato & Avanzi, ; Avanzi & D'Amato, ), but later studies argued that the apical cells of roots were mitotically active (Gifford & Kurth, ; Gifford, , ; reviewed in Barlow, ). Previous studies on lycophyte RAMs showed that the Selaginellaceae RAM has an apical cell, whereas the RAMs of Isoetaceae and Lycopodiaceae have a layered structure with multiple tiers of initial cells, from which different tissues are derived (von Guttenberg, ; Ogura, ; Yi & Kato, ; Imaichi, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root apical meristem diversity in extant lycophytes and implications for root origins

et al. 2017

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Root apical meristem (RAM) organization in lycophytes could be a key to understanding the early evolution of roots, but this topic has been insufficiently explored. We examined the RAM organization of lycophytes in terms of cell division activities and anatomies, and compared RAMs among vascular plants. RAMs of 13 species of lycophytes were semi-thin-sectioned and observed under a light microscope. Furthermore, the frequency of cell division in the RAM of species was analyzed using thymidine analogs. RAMs of lycophytes exhibited four organization types: type I (Lycopodium and Diphasiastrum), II (Huperzia and Lycopodiella), III (Isoetes) and RAM with apical cell (Selaginella). The type I RAM found in Lycopodium had a region with a very low cell division frequency, reminiscent of the quiescent center (QC) in angiosperm roots. This is the first clear indication that a QC-like region is present in nonseed plants. At least four types of RAM are present in extant lycophytes, suggesting that RAM organization is more diverse than expected. Our results support the paleobotanical hypothesis that roots evolved several times in lycophytes, as well as in euphyllophytes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root apical meristem diversity in extant lycophytes and implications for root origins

et al. 2017

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“…It is also the first in which growth and divisions of individual cell are controlled on the one hand at the organ level, by growth field with PDGs, and on the other hand locally by factors influenced the cell state, type of cell division (perpendicular to G p or G a , equal or not) and shortening of a division wall. Moreover, the present approach, though restricted to the case of a single apical cell, can be relatively easily adapted to describe growth in roots or shoots of Azolla filiculoides (Gifford and Polito 1981 ; Nitayangkura et al 1980 ), Equisetum (Gifford and Kurth 1982 ; Gifford 1993 ) and Ceratopteris richardii (Hou and Hill 2002 , 2004 ). The case with more than one apical cell requires deeper modifications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each derivative becomes added to the apex as a new construction unit called merophyte, within which set sequences of cell division, expansion and differentiation occur. In roots of Azolla (Gunning et al 1978 ) and Equisetum (Gifford and Kurth 1982 ), a single apical cell (AC) located at the pole of the root proper occurs. The apical cell has a tetrahedral shape; its three faces are oriented proximally, while the fourth one which is a part of the root/cap border is oriented distally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The simulation model of growth and cell divisions for the root apex with an apical cell in application to Azolla pinnata

Piekarska-Stachowiak

Nakielski

2013

Planta

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In contrast to seed plants, the roots of most ferns have a single apical cell which is the ultimate source of all cells in the root. The apical cell has a tetrahedral shape and divides asymmetrically. The root cap derives from the distal division face, while merophytes derived from three proximal division faces contribute to the root proper. The merophytes are produced sequentially forming three sectors along a helix around the root axis. During development, they divide and differentiate in a predictable pattern. Such growth causes cell pattern of the root apex to be remarkably regular and self-perpetuating. The nature of this regularity remains unknown. This paper shows the 2D simulation model for growth of the root apex with the apical cell in application to Azolla pinnata. The field of growth rates of the organ, prescribed by the model, is of a tensor type (symplastic growth) and cells divide taking principal growth directions into account. The simulations show how the cell pattern in a longitudinal section of the apex develops in time. The virtual root apex grows realistically and its cell pattern is similar to that observed in anatomical sections. The simulations indicate that the cell pattern regularity results from cell divisions which are oriented with respect to principal growth directions. Such divisions are essential for maintenance of peri-anticlinal arrangement of cell walls and coordinated growth of merophytes during the development. The highly specific division program that takes place in merophytes prior to differentiation seems to be regulated at the cellular level.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00425-013-1950-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The RAC is mentioned as a consistent trait of the RAM in young and mature roots , which supports our hypothesis of the RAC as an organizing center. The omnipresence of the RAC in mature roots of Equisetum scirpoides and Marsilea vestita have been indirectly reported (Gifford and Kurth, 1982;Kurth, 1981). This could suggest that the root determinate program does not display major morphological changes and is a consensus behavior in ferns, including Ceratopteris.…”

Section: Ceratopteris Stem-borne Roots Display Growth Cessationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and cell cycle dynamics of the root apical meristem in the fernCeratopteris richardii

Aragón-Raygoza

Vasco

Blilou

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Ferns are a representative clade in plant evolution although underestimated in the genomic era. Ceratopteris richardii is an emergent model for developmental processes in ferns, yet a complete scheme of the different growth stages is necessary. Here, we present a developmental analysis, at the tissue and cellular levels, of the first shoot-borne root of Ceratopteris. We followed early stages and emergence of the root meristem in sporelings. While assessing root growth, the first shoot-borne root ceases its elongation between the emergence of the fifth and sixth roots, suggesting Ceratopteris roots follow a determinate developmental program. We report cell division frequencies in the stem cell niche after detecting labeled nuclei in the root apical cell (RAC) and derivatives after 8 hours of exposure. These results demonstrate the RAC has a continuous mitotic activity during root development. Detection of cell cycle activity in the RAC at early times suggests this cell acts as a non-quiescent organizing center. Overall, our results provide a framework to study root function and development in ferns and to better understand the evolutionary history of this organ.Summary StatementIn the Ceratopteris root, the apical cell and its derivatives have a high division frequency, suggesting the apical cell acts as a non-quiescent organizing center in the stem cell niche.

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Quantitative Studies of the Root Apical Meristem of Equisetum scirpoides

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Root apical meristem diversity in extant lycophytes and implications for root origins

Root apical meristem diversity in extant lycophytes and implications for root origins

The simulation model of growth and cell divisions for the root apex with an apical cell in application to Azolla pinnata

Development and cell cycle dynamics of the root apical meristem in the fernCeratopteris richardii

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