Quantitative proteomics identifies the core proteome of exosomes with syntenin-1 as the highest abundant protein and a putative universal biomarker

Extracellular Vesicle Proteomes Shed Light on the Evolutionary, Interactive, and Functional Divergence of Their Biogenesis Mechanisms

“…Due to the fundamentally divergent biogenesis of exosomes and ectosomes, it is highly probable that a set of EV subtypespecific recruiters may distinguish ectosomal and exosomal components and is subject to evolutionary changes. By extensive network analysis, we showed the existence of recruiter candidates and identified mutually exclusive EV markers (Figure 3), some of which were shown by an independent experimental study (Kugeratski et al, 2021). We demonstrate that distinctive characteristics of the sEV and lEV proteomes can offer a high granularity alternative to traditionally used singular molecular markers in assessing EV subtypes and their functions.…”

Exosome-mediated delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for targeting of oncogenic KrasG12D in pancreatic cancer

“…Moreover, administration of MSC exosomes was not associated with alterations in pancreatic tumor growth ( 12 ). NTA and flow cytometry were used to evaluate MSC exosomes for the characteristic size distribution of exosomes and presence of common exosomal surface markers, including the tetraspanins CD9, CD81, and CD63, as well as CD47 ( Fig S5A and B ), the latter having been linked to enhanced biological activity in vivo and reduced phagocytic clearance during systemic administration ( 13 ), and as an abundant protein in exosomes from distinct origins (19) . A total of 40 B6-albino mice were allocated into five treatment groups (n = 8 mice in each group) and injected i.v.…”

Development of Extracellular Vesicle Therapeutics: Challenges, Considerations, and Opportunities

“…Considering that EVs carry and transfer various functional molecular cargo, quantitative global analyses to understand EV-associated components [e.g., EV-mediated transfer of proteins/lipids/RNAs between specific cell types and organs (Costa-Silva et al, 2015;Hoshino et al, 2015;Flaherty et al, 2019;Rodrigues et al, 2019;Kugeratski et al, 2021;Nguyen et al, 2021)] warrants further investigation. Increasingly, the field is shifting toward systems biology to understand EVs (Xu et al, 2016;Gezsi et al, 2019), integrating different analysis platforms to achieve multi-omic characterization of EVs for therapeutic application-their source (different donor origins, organ/tissue-derived), composition (including core and surfaceome/interactome landscape), and capacity to reprogram target cells and phenotype (Hoshino et al, 2015(Hoshino et al, , 2020Melo et al, 2015;Kowal et al, 2016;Xu et al, 2016;Figueroa et al, 2017;Greening et al, 2017;Flaherty et al, 2019;Rontogianni et al, 2019;Jung et al, 2020;Bijnsdorp et al, 2021;Kugeratski et al, 2021;Rai et al, 2021). Further development of these technologies will facilitate the advancement and refinement of EV-based therapeutics.…”

“…Proteomics has been used to assess plasma EVs after separation from lipoproteins (i.e., lipoprotein particle depletion) (Karimi et al, 2018), tissue-derived stress/damage markers following cardiac-EV isolation (Claridge et al, 2021), and oncogenic mutations on EV proteome landscape (Al-Nedawi et al, 2008;Lobb et al, 2017;Emmanouilidi et al, 2019;Chennakrishnaiah et al, 2020;Shafiq et al, 2021;Tawil et al, 2021). Several key omic-based studies have provided direct insight into the composition and (re)classification of EVs, their biogenesis and content (Greening et al, 2015;Kowal et al, 2016;Jeppesen et al, 2019;Kugeratski et al, 2021;Martinez-Greene et al, 2021;Rai et al, 2021). Moreover, an aptamer-based proteomic analysis (SOMAscan) has enabled multiplexed, highly-sensitive, and specific protein detection in human blood and other biomatrices, and applied to profile EVs (Welton et al, 2017).…”