Quantitative nutritional studies with water-soluble, chemically defined diets. I. Growth, reproduction and lactation in rats

Greenstein, Jesse P.; Birnbaum, Sanford M.; Winitz, Milton; Otey, M. Clyde

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(57)90216-3

Cited by 107 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Germ-free status itself dictated the early changes from the formulation of Greenstein et al (2). Hemorrhages in the first GF-CD rats confirmed what had been found earlier in G F rats fed semi-synthetic diets: that G F rats utilize menadione (vitamin K3) very poorly as compared with CV rats (26).…”

Section: Development Of the Chemically Defined Dietsupporting

confidence: 51%

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The Germ-Free Animal Fed Chemically Defined Diet: A Unique Tool

Wostmann

Pleasants

1991

Experimental Biology and Medicine

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Section: Development Of the Chemically Defined Dietsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…Greenstein et al (2) also used the synthetic compound cysteine ethyl ester in place of the poorly soluble cysteine. In our study, this ethyl ester changed the odor, taste, and color of the CD diet and was therefore deleted.…”

Section: Development Of the Chemically Defined Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Germ-Free Animal Fed Chemically Defined Diet: A Unique Tool

Wostmann

Pleasants

1991

Experimental Biology and Medicine

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“…The diets are described in Table 1 (Greenstein et al 1957;Winitz et al 1965) The control diet contained 75 (SD 5) mg phylloquinone as listed in food tables (Booth et al 1996a;Shearer et al 1996) and the low-vitamin K diet contained 8 (SD 2) mg phylloquinone as listed in the above food tables and determined by a bioassay in warfarin-resistant rats (Hermondson et al 1969). Samples of blood, urine and faeces were collected for 6 d after each injection.…”

Section: Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total body phylloquinone and its turnover in human subjects at two levels of vitamin K intake

et al. 2002

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The aims of this study were to determine the total body phylloquinone and its metabolic turnover in human subjects using a tracer dose of [5-H 3 ]phylloquinone containing 55·5 £ 10 4 MBq=mmol. Seven subjects aged 22 to 49 years were given 0·3 mg isotopic phylloquinone intravenously on a control diet (75 mg phylloquinone/d) and blood, urine and faeces were sampled periodically for 6 d. Five of these subjects were studied a second time after 3 -8 weeks on a low-vitamin K diet (8 mg/d). The changes in the radioactivity of plasma phylloquinone with time were analysed by the method of residuals and fitted to a curve composed of two exponential components. The size of the exchangeable body pool was calculated by isotope dilution. Plasma phylloquinone levels fell during vitamin K restriction but the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors did not change. After injection the first exponential decay curve t 1/2 was 1·0 (SD 0·47) h in the subjects on the control diet and 0·49 (SD 0·27) h after vitamin K restriction. On the control diet, the second exponential t 1/2 was 27·6 (SD 124) h that did not change on the low-vitamin K diet (t 1=2 ¼ 25·1 (SD 13·5) h). These results indicate that the turnover time for phylloquinone in human subjects is about 1·5 d. Urinary excretion of 3 H-metabolites ranged from 30 % of the administered dose on the control diet to 38 % on the restricted diet and had the same turnover rate as the second component of the plasma decay curves. The exchangeable body pool of phylloquinone declined from about 1·0 mg/kg before restriction to lower values after vitamin K restriction. The faecal excretion of phylloquinone and its metabolites fell from 32 % of the administered dose on the control diet to 13 % on the restricted diet. Vitamin K: Radioactive phylloquinone: Exchangeable body pool: Metabolic turnoverGreat advances have been made in the understanding of the distribution, function and metabolism of vitamin K since its discovery by Henrik Dam. (Dam, 1935;Olson, 1999) Less well documented is the content of vitamin K in the human body and the extent of its metabolic turnover. The first attempt to measure phylloquinone turnover in human subjects was made by Shearer et al. (1972), who administered 1 mg [1 0 , 2 0 -3 H 2 ]phylloquinone (200 MBq/ mmol) intravenously to each of three young male volunteers whose plasma was sampled at intervals for 96 h. They observed that after 2 h only 10 % of the initial radioactivity remained in the plasma space, and that the decay curves over 6 h could be resolved into two exponential functions with half-times of 20-24 min and 121-150 min. Later Shearer et al. (1974) repeated their study using 45 mg-phylloquinone of higher specific activity (3515 MBq/mmol) and obtained similar results. Bjornsson et al. (1979) carried out similar turnover studies in four healthy male volunteers using 300 mg [1 0 , 2 0 -3 H 2 ]phylloquinone (3237 MBq/mmol). They also observed two exponential components to the decay curves of 26 (SD 8) min and 166 (SD 10) min over 10 h.None of these invest...

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“…17 • 18 The long-term adequacy of such diets has remained in question. The work of Greenstein and associates 19 has been a remarkable attempt in this direction. These workers have introduced numerous combinations of mixtures of essential and nonessential amino acids that will maintain experimental animals in nitrogen equilibrium over relatively long periods.…”

Section: September 1961mentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity, Drugs and Formula Diets

Hashim

1961

Postgraduate Medicine

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Quantitative nutritional studies with water-soluble, chemically defined diets. I. Growth, reproduction and lactation in rats

Cited by 107 publications

References 15 publications

The Germ-Free Animal Fed Chemically Defined Diet: A Unique Tool

The Germ-Free Animal Fed Chemically Defined Diet: A Unique Tool

Total body phylloquinone and its turnover in human subjects at two levels of vitamin K intake

Obesity, Drugs and Formula Diets

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