Abstract:In developing liposomes for in vivo use, it is important to design the liposomes to have optimal in vivo kinetics, and it is also necessary to identify optimal high-throughput production conditions for these liposomes. Previous work has not definitively established the general relationship between liposomes' configuration and composition, and their in vivo kinetics. Also, no straightforward method exists to calculate optimal liposome high-throughput production conditions for specific liposome compositions. Thi… Show more
“… Short circulation half-life; The leakage of the encapsulated drug. [49 , 125] PEG-modified liposome Improve the blood circulation half-life of liposome and enhance stability. Reduced interactions with cancer cells.…”
Section: Advantage and Challenge Of Ursolic Acid Nanosystemmentioning
Ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, possesses widespread biological and pharmacological activities. However, drawbacks such as low bioavailability, poor targeting and rapid metabolism greatly hinder its further clinical application. Recently, with the development of nanotechnology, various UA nanosystems have emerged as promising strategies for effective cancer therapy. This article reviews various types of UA-based nano-delivery systems, primarily with emphasis placed on novel UA-based carrier-free nano-drugs, which are considered to be innovative methods for cancer therapy. Moreover, this review presents carrier-free nano-drugs that co-assembled of UA and photosensitizers that displayed synergistic antitumor performance. Finally, the article also describes the development and challenges of UA nanosystems for future research in this field. Overall, the information presented in this review will provide new insight into the rational utilization of nano-drugs in cancer therapy.
“… Short circulation half-life; The leakage of the encapsulated drug. [49 , 125] PEG-modified liposome Improve the blood circulation half-life of liposome and enhance stability. Reduced interactions with cancer cells.…”
Section: Advantage and Challenge Of Ursolic Acid Nanosystemmentioning
Ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, possesses widespread biological and pharmacological activities. However, drawbacks such as low bioavailability, poor targeting and rapid metabolism greatly hinder its further clinical application. Recently, with the development of nanotechnology, various UA nanosystems have emerged as promising strategies for effective cancer therapy. This article reviews various types of UA-based nano-delivery systems, primarily with emphasis placed on novel UA-based carrier-free nano-drugs, which are considered to be innovative methods for cancer therapy. Moreover, this review presents carrier-free nano-drugs that co-assembled of UA and photosensitizers that displayed synergistic antitumor performance. Finally, the article also describes the development and challenges of UA nanosystems for future research in this field. Overall, the information presented in this review will provide new insight into the rational utilization of nano-drugs in cancer therapy.
“…Techniques for massive production under good manufacturing practices74–77 to afford long periods of storage78 are available, and different to polymeric nanoparticles such as those made of poly‐lactide‐co‐glycolide no major concerns on Ag stability are presented during storage 79. As the European guidelines on adjuvants destined for human vaccines recommend completing distribution studies,80 it is important to stress that methods of double radioactive labeling to follow Ag and lipids biodistribution of liposomes are already available81 as well as to identify optimal high‐throughput industrial production conditions for compositions of interest 82. Liposomes are biodegradable and exhibit a huge record of safety when repeatedly administered by parenteral routes.…”
Mucosal (and in minor extent transcutanous) stimulation can induce local or distant mucosa secretory IgA. Liposomes and other vesicles as mucosal and transcutaneous adjuvants are attractive alternatives to parenteral vaccination. Liposomes can be massively produced under good manufacturing practices and stored for long periods, at high antigen/vesicle mass ratios. However, their uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APC) at the inductive sites remains as a major challenge. As neurotoxicity is a major concern in intranasal delivery, complexes between archaeosomes and calcium as well as cationic liposomes complexed with plasmids encoding for antigenic proteins could safely elicit secretory and systemic antigen-specific immune responses. Oral bilosomes generate intense immune responses that remain to be tested against challenge, but the admixing with toxins or derivatives is mandatory to reduce the amount of antigen. Most of the current experimental designs, however, underestimate the mucus blanket 100- to 1000-fold thicker than a 100-nm diameter liposome, which has first to be penetrated to access the underlying M cells. Overall, designing mucoadhesive chemoenzymatic resistant liposomes, or selectively targeted to M cells, has produced less relevant results than tailoring the liposomes to make them mucus penetrating. Opposing, the nearly 10 µm thickness stratum corneum interposed between liposomes and underlying APC can be surpassed by ultradeformable liposomes (UDL), with lipid matrices that penetrate up to the limit with the viable epidermis. UDL made of phospholipids and detergents, proved to be better transfection agents than conventional liposomes and niosomes, without the toxicity of ethosomes, in the absence of classical immunomodulators.
Lipid molecules in water form uni- or multilamellar vesicles in polydisperse form. Herein, we present energetic considerations for their equilibrium morphological organization. Our formulation provides elemental energy diagrams, which explain the polydispersity and account for the structural diversity. These energy diagrams describe the ranges of core radius (r(c)) and number of lamellae (N) that result in the formation of stable vesicles under specific conditions, thus providing prescriptions for the design of vesicles tailored for specific properties, including stability, cargo capacity, and resistance to deformation by osmotic stress. We deduced key design criteria as follows: 1) designing highly stable unilamellar vesicles requires low bending rigidity lipids and dimensions exceeding a few hundred nm in radii; 2) very large unilamellar vesicles (r(c)>several tens of microns) are not stable for typical lipids; lipids with higher bending rigidity are required; 3) the distribution of the stable size of vesicles is proportional to the bending rigidity; 4) for the case of multilamellar vesicles, vesicles with more than a few hundred layers usually exhibit greater structural integrity than those with lower degrees of lamellarity, especially when the core radii are small (<100 nm); 5) for osmotically stressed vesicles, the energy contributed by even a small concentration gradient (>mM) is the most dominant factor in the free energy, suggesting active response by vesicles (e.g., poration) to release osmotic stress; and 6) vesicles with a core radius of a few hundred nm and more than hundred lamellae are more resistant to deformation by osmotic stress, thus making them more suited to applications involving osmotic pressure gradients, such as in drug delivery.
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