Quantitative microbial risk assessment related to urban wastewater and lagoon water reuse in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

Yapo, R.; Koné, Brama; Bonfoh, Bassirou; Cissé, Guéladio; Zinsstag, Jakob; Nguyen-Viet, Hung

doi:10.2166/wh.2013.051

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In South Africa, 10 mL was assumed as a best estimate of incidental ingestion during laundry or work (Genthe and Rodda, 1999;Steyn et al, 2004). In Cote d'Ivoire, 10 mL was assumed as a best estimate for washing plastic bags based on incidental ingestion from irrigation or laundry (Yapo et al, 2014). The amount of produce consumed was assumed to range from 10 to 51 g per meal with the majority assuming 10 to 20 g per meal.…”

Section: Results and Discussion Hazard Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate the health risk from viral water exposures in sub-Saharan Africa: A review

Abel

Taylor

2018

Microbial Risk Analysis

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Access to microbiologically safe water is not a reality for many people throughout Sub-Saharan Africa where there is widespread occurrence of viruses in water sources. Exposure to this water can lead to adverse health risks including diarrhoeal disease. To a limited extent in Sub-Saharan Africa, the quantification of the human health risk associated with exposure to virally contaminated water has been done through the use of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). To understand the scope of the information available on this region, two systematic reviews were done to collect previously published literature from Sub-Saharan Africa on (1) prevalence and quantification of viral contamination in water and (2) QMRAs assessing the risk from exposure to water contaminated by viruses. The results of the 2 reviews were then summarised including, for the QMRAs, exposure and dose-response assumptions, input parameters, and risk outcomes. The results found the prevalence of 10 viruses (1-100%) in drinking, ground, irrigation, surface, and waste waters from eight countries with South Africa having the most information on water contamination by viruses. Quantified viral concentration data was reported for ~50% of the papers, for 6 viruses (entero-, human adeno-, noro-, rota-, sapo-and Hepatitis A virus), and ranged from (10-4-10 11 viruses/liter). Additionally, 22 QMRAs were identified for 6 viruses (entero-, human adeno-, noro-, rota-, coxsackie B, and Hepatitis A virus) from 4 countries demonstrating that QMRA has not been used extensively in this region. The majority of these QMRAs concluded that the risk of infection, illness, or Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) was exceptionally high and in excess of acceptable risk limits indicating a public health concern. In conclusion, water is contaminated with viruses, risk from exposure to viruses in water was extremely high for these 4 Sub-Saharan Africa countries, and QMRA is not a widely adopted methodology. Finally, some QMRA limitations were observed such as the need for more viral concentration data, collection of site-or region-specific exposure data, application of commonly used doseresponse models, addressing susceptible populations such those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the risk characterisation, and access to free software.

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Section: Results and Discussion Hazard Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate the health risk from viral water exposures in sub-Saharan Africa: A review

Abel

Taylor

2018

Microbial Risk Analysis

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“…Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts have been detected in a variety of African water sources including irrigation water in Burkina Faso [219], a stream, well, spring and lake in Cameroon [220, 221], wastewater in Côte d’Ivoire [222], packaged drinking water in Ghana [223–225], tap water, drinking water treatment plants, canals, tanks and swimming pools in Egypt [226–230]. They have also been detected in water sources (surface and well), treated water storage tanks and tap water in Ethiopia [231, 232], the Kathita and Kiina rivers and surface water in Kenya [233, 234], water from wells and the Kano river in Nigeria [235], the surface waters of the Vaal Dam system [236], treated and untreated effluents, sewage, drinking water and roof-harvested rainwater in South Africa [237–240].…”

Section: Waterborne and Foodborne Cryptosporidiosis And Giardiasis Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges

2017

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Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important causes of diarrhoeal illness. Adequate knowledge of the molecular diversity and geographical distribution of these parasites and the environmental and climatic variables that influence their prevalence is important for effective control of infection in at-risk populations, yet relatively little is known about the epidemiology of these parasites in Africa. Cryptosporidium is associated with moderate to severe diarrhoea and increased mortality in African countries and both parasites negatively affect child growth and development. Malnutrition and HIV status are also important contributors to the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in African countries. Molecular typing of both parasites in humans, domestic animals and wildlife to date indicates a complex picture of both anthroponotic, zoonotic and spill-back transmission cycles that requires further investigation. For Cryptosporidium, the only available drug (nitazoxanide) is ineffective in HIV and malnourished individuals and therefore more effective drugs are a high priority. Several classes of drugs with good efficacy exist for Giardia, but dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance threatens clinical utility. Climate change and population growth are also predicted to increase both malnutrition and the prevalence of these parasites in water sources. Dedicated and co-ordinated commitments from African governments involving “One Health” initiatives with multidisciplinary teams of veterinarians, medical workers, relevant government authorities, and public health specialists working together are essential to control and prevent the burden of disease caused by these parasites.

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“…In Brazil, cysts were detected at concentrations as high as 10 5 cyst/L (Neto et al, 2006;Hachich et al, 2013). In contrast, relatively few studies have reported cysts at concentrations not exceeding 100 cysts/L (Reinoso et al, 2011;Yapo et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2015). These data underscore the variability in cyst concentration in influent samples, which is likely influenced by the source of wastewater (e.g.…”

Section: Raw Sewage and Sludgementioning

confidence: 94%