Quantitative metrics of spinal cord injury recovery in the rat using motion capture, electromyography and ground reaction force measurement

Johnson, Will; Jindrich, Devin L.; Roy, Roland R.; Edgerton, V. Reggie

doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.02.008

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Motion is described in terms of its kinematic characteristics, such as position, velocity and acceleration (linear or angular for each joint) and in terms of its kinetic characteristics, such as joint torques and joint reaction forces. Recently, there have been a number of attempts to implement instrumented motion analysis with rats or mice (Johnson et al, 2012; Madete et al, 2011, 2010) to study pathologies, such as PD or spinal cord injury, because mouse models have the advantage over other animal models of easier identification and experimentation on the genetic mechanisms that affect behavior. However, no group provided a clear description of the mathematical model approach used for the purposes of replication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional rodent motion analysis and neurodegenerative disorders

Karakostas¹,

Hsiang²,

Boger³

et al. 2014

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Background Three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis is established in investigating, human pathological motion. In the field of gait, its use results in the objective identification of primary, and secondary causes of deviations, many current interventions are the result of pre- and post-testing, and it was shown recently that it can result in decreased number of surgeries and overall cost of care. Consequently, recent attempts have implemented 3D motion analysis using rat models to study, parkinsonism. However, to-date, a 3D user friendly analytical approach using rodent models to, identify etiologies of age-related motor impairment and accompanying pathologies has not been, implemented. New method We have developed and presented all aspects of a 3D, three body-segment rodent model, to analyze motions of the lower, upper and head segments between rodents of parkinsonism-type and, normal aging during free walking. Our model does not require transformation matrices to describe the, position of each body-segment. Because body-segment positions are not considered to consist of three, rotations about the laboratory axes, the rotations are not sequence dependent. Results Each body-segment demonstrated distinct 3D movement patterns. The parkinsonism-type, genotype walked slower with less range of motion, similarly to patients with parkinsonism. Comparison with existing methods This is the first model considering the rodent’s body as three, distinct segments. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first model to ever consider and report the 3D, head motion patterns. Conclusions This novel approach will allow unbiased analysis of spontaneous locomotion in mouse, models of parkinsonism or normal aging.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional rodent motion analysis and neurodegenerative disorders

Karakostas¹,

Hsiang²,

Boger³

et al. 2014

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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“…Even fewer have characterized stepping after SCI (Kaegi et al 2002; Ballermann et al 2006; Johnson et al 2012). Muscle recruitment patterns and gait biomechanics for quadrupedal locomotion are better defined in feline models (Buford et al 1990; Buford and Smith 1990; Basso et al 1994; Pratt et al 1996; Smith et al 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, the extent of recovered central nervous system (CNS) control over locomotion has been best elucidated in reductionistic lesion models (Kaegi et al 2002; Ballermann et al 2006; Johnson et al 2012). Surprisingly, less is understood about recovery from contusion-type lesions, which replicate human SCI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of recovered walking patterns and motor control after contusive spinal cord injury in rats

et al. 2012

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Currently, complete recovery is unattainable for most individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Instead, recovery is typically accompanied by persistent sensory and motor deficits. Restoration of preinjury function will likely depend on improving plasticity and integration of these impaired systems. Eccentric muscle actions require precise integration of sensorimotor signals and are predominant during the yield (E2) phase of locomotion. Motor neuron activation and control during eccentric contractions is impaired across a number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, but remains unexamined after SCI. Therefore, we characterized locomotor recovery after contusive SCI using hindlimb (HL) kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) recordings with specific consideration of eccentric phases of treadmill (TM) walking. Deficits in E2 and a caudal shift of locomotor subphases persisted throughout the 3‐week recovery period. EMG records showed notable deficits in the semitendinosus (ST) during yield. Unlike other HL muscles, recruitment of ST changed with recovery. At 7 days, the typical dual‐burst pattern of ST was lost and the second burst (ST2) was indistinct. By 21 days, the dual‐burst pattern returned, but latencies remained impaired. We show that ST2 burst duration is highly predictive of open field Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scores. Moreover, we found that simple changes in locomotor specificity which enhance eccentric actions result in new motor patterns after SCI. Our findings identify a caudal shift in stepping kinematics, irregularities in E2, and aberrant ST2 bursting as markers of incomplete recovery. These residual impairments may provide opportunities for targeted rehabilitation.

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“…Gait analysis is a highly sensitive, non-invasive technique used to study the pathophysiology of various orthopaedic diseases (Clarke et al, 1997; Krizsan-Agbas et al, 2014; Mora-Macias et al, 2015). For example, abnormalities in kinetic gait parameters during locomotion have been observed in rat models of osteoarthritis, spinal cord injury recovery, and rotator cuff disease (Johnson et al, 2012; Reuther et al, 2015; Roemhildt et al, 2010). These disturbances in gait properties can be used to validate dysfunction in small animal disease models or to evaluate recovery of function following injury.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground reaction forces are more sensitive gait measures than temporal parameters in rodents following rotator cuff injury

Pardes

Freedman

Soslowsky

2016

Journal of Biomechanics

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Gait analysis is a quantitative, non-invasive technique that can be used to investigate functional changes in animal models of musculoskeletal disease. Changes in ground reaction forces following injury have been observed that coincide with differences in tissue mechanical and histological properties during healing. However, measurement of these kinetic gait parameters can be laborious compared to the simpler and less time-consuming analysis of temporal gait parameters alone. We compared the sensitivity of temporal and kinetic gait parameters in detecting functional changes following rotator cuff injury in rats. Although these parameters were strongly correlated, temporal measures were unable to detect greater than 50% of the functional gait differences between injured and uninjured animals identified simultaneously by ground reaction forces. Regression analysis was used to predict ground reaction forces from temporal parameters. This model improved the ability of temporal parameters to identify known functional changes, but only when these differences were large in magnitude (i.e., between injured vs. uninjured animals, but not between different post-operative treatments). The results of this study suggest that ground reaction forces are more sensitive measures of limb/joint function than temporal parameters following rotator cuff injury in rats. Therefore, although gait analysis systems without force plates are typically efficient and easy to use, they may be most appropriate for use when major functional changes are expected.

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Quantitative metrics of spinal cord injury recovery in the rat using motion capture, electromyography and ground reaction force measurement

Cited by 15 publications

References 26 publications

Three-dimensional rodent motion analysis and neurodegenerative disorders

Three-dimensional rodent motion analysis and neurodegenerative disorders

Characterization of recovered walking patterns and motor control after contusive spinal cord injury in rats

Ground reaction forces are more sensitive gait measures than temporal parameters in rodents following rotator cuff injury

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