Quantitative Investigation of a Mass Rock Creep Deforming Slope Through A-Din SAR and Geomorphometry

Delchiaro, Michele; Mele, Emanuele; Seta, Marta Della; Martino, Salvatore; Esposito, Carlo

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60319-9_18

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Figure 4 reveals that the landform of the Ecktreppe has somehow crept into a double-crested ridge or ridge-top depression; in other words, the crest crept westward toward the Dajia River and eastward toward the Hehuan Valley. The phenomena is consistent with the criteria and structural landform induced by a large-scale deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD), which is driven by the process of mass rock creep (MRC) [37]. In studying the long-term gravitational deformation of rocks slopes, Chigira [36] concluded that when the subsurface rocks of the slopes are continuously subjected to an unstable state under the influence of gravitational force, the subsurface rocks deformed to various degrees in various ways by means of MRC.…”

Section: Factors Causing Long-term Slidingsupporting

confidence: 77%

Hazard Mitigation of a Landslide-Prone Area through Monitoring, Modeling, and Susceptibility Mapping

Gui

Chu

Ding³

et al. 2023

Water

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Indigenous tribes living in the mountainous areas account for about one-fifth of the extreme poor of the world, and this has made their lives more vulnerable to climate change impacts and natural hazards. After a series of earthquakes and very strong typhoons, the tilting and cracking of dwellings, localized slope failure, and severe subgrade settlements, together with damages of retaining structures and drainage ditches along a section of the Provincial Highway No. 7A on the west wing of the Central Mountain Range in central Taiwan, have raised concerns to the safety of a nearby Indigenous settlement, which is situated at an elevation of about EL. +1800 m. This study investigated and identified the possible causes for a large-scale landslide-prone area on the Central Mountain Range by employing multi-temporal satellite and aerial images, site investigation, field instrumentation, geophysics tests, and uncoupled hydromechanical slope stability analyses. The results were then applied to deduce a sliding susceptibility map and remedial plans to prevent or mitigate the sliding in the vicinity of an Indigenous settlement. The infiltration of rainwater, an upraised river-bed elevation, and the erosion of the river bank at the toe of the large-scale slope were found to be the main triggering factors in inducing sudden and localized failures. Meanwhile, the process of mass rock creep was deduced to have activated the process of large-scale deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) on the study slope; the DSGSD could eventually turn into a huge and catastrophic landslide. The findings of this study would be valuable for formulating detailed countermeasures to protect and maintain the stability and safety of the Indigenous settlement located at the crest of the slope.

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Section: Factors Causing Long-term Slidingsupporting

confidence: 77%

Hazard Mitigation of a Landslide-Prone Area through Monitoring, Modeling, and Susceptibility Mapping

Gui

Chu

Ding³

et al. 2023

Water

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“…Indeed, the morpho-evolutionary analysis demonstrated to be a useful tool for estimating the starting time of the process, of discriminating the different phases as well as of inferring a more suitable evaluation of the elapsing time for failure in creep evolving slopes (Bozzano et al, 2016;Delchiaro et al, 2019Delchiaro et al, , 2020aDelchiaro et al, , 2020bDella Seta et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although several landscape evolution models have been proposed so far to explain the drainage history of the Zagros in response to the tectonic deformation of the area (Bretis et al, 2011;Burberry et al, 2008Burberry et al, , 2010Oberlander, 1965Oberlander, , 1968Oberlander, , 1985Ramsey et al, 2008;Tucker & Slingerland, 1996), only few recent studies investigated the relationship among time-dependent rock mass deformations, tectonics and landscape evolution rates, as predisposing factors for massive rock slope failures in the Zagros (Delchiaro et al, 2019(Delchiaro et al, , 2020b. Delchiaro et al (2019) reconstructed the evolution of the Seymareh river valley before and after the occurrence of the largest landslide on Earth surface, the giant Seymareh rock avalanche (debris-covered area of about 220 km 2 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Delchiaro et al (2019) reconstructed the evolution of the Seymareh river valley before and after the occurrence of the largest landslide on Earth surface, the giant Seymareh rock avalanche (debris-covered area of about 220 km 2 ). Furthermore, Delchiaro et al (2020b) presented the role of the present-day geomorphic processes in the development of the Siah-kuh DGSD (debris-covered area of about 8 km 2 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of tectonic deformation and landscape evolution in the occurrence of Mass Rock Creep driven landslides: the Loumar landslide (Zagros Belt, Iran)

Delchiaro¹,

Seta²,

Martino³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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This research focuses on the role of fold growth and river incision in predisposing time-dependent gravitational deformation in slope-scale rock masses. We analyse the case study of the Loumar landslide affecting the NE flank of the Gavar anticline (Zagros Mts., Iran). The landslide evolution seems related to the fold growth that induced the abandonment of a meandering canyon and generated a new narrow gorge that kinetically released the limestone carapace of the flank. In this regard, we infer that Quaternary tectonic deformation and landscape evolution of the fold prepared the flank to the initiation of a Mass Rock Creep (MRC) driven deformation, that evolved into the Loumar viscosity-driven rockslide presently affecting the slope, as evidenced by remote sensing analyses and field survey. We constrain the chronology of the major events that led to the gravitational deformation, through linear temporal conversion of river longitudinal profiles, geomorphometry and OSL dating. The evolution of the drainage network on the flanks of the antiformal ridge highlights that between 568 +330/-165 and 81±38 ka, the fold growth, splitted the major streams flowing perpendicular to the fold axis growth. The tectonic deformation related to the vertical and the lateral growth of the fold towards NW, in association with the propagation of minor folds, likely allowed the initiation of the MRC deformation process, in response to river incision. The MRC process cumulated elasto-plastic strain until 5.52±0.36 ka, when the slope evolved into a failure causing the partial occlusion of the valley and the generation of a pond. Hosted filedelchiaro_et_al_2021_supplementary.docx available at https://authorea.com/users/548421/ articles/604321-the-role-of-tectonic-deformation-and-landscape-evolution-in-theoccurrence-of-mass-rock-creep-driven-landslides-the-loumar-landslide-zagros-belt-iran Hosted file essoar.10507858.1.docx available at https://authorea.com/users/548421/articles/604321-therole-of-tectonic-deformation-and-landscape-evolution-in-the-occurrence-of-mass-rockcreep-driven-landslides-the-loumar-landslide-zagros-belt-iranThe role of tectonic deformation and landscape evolution in the occurrence of Mass Rock Creep driven landslides: the Loumar landslide (Zagros Belt, Iran

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“…In particular, Delchiaro et al (2019) estimated that the Seymareh damming lake persisted for ~3,500 years before starting to empty at ~6.6 ka due to lake overflow, as demonstrated by the OSL age obtained for a strath terrace shaped by the Seymareh River on the landslide debris. Moreover, Delchiaro et al (2020a), Delchiaro et al (2020b) proposed a quantitative morphometric evaluation and prediction of the catchment-scale suspended sediment yield on the scar area and demonstrated that the erosion rate affecting the landslide after the cut of the landslide dam by the Seymareh River is comparable to the age defined as a time constraint for the emptying of the lake.…”

Section: The Seymareh Landslidementioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights on the Emplacement Kinematics of the Seymareh Landslide (Zagros Mts., Iran) Through a Novel Spatial Statistical Approach

et al. 2022

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The giant prehistoric Seymareh landslide in the Zagros Mountains (Iran) is one of the largest known landslides on the Earth’s surface. The debris with an estimated volume of 44 km3 dammed two rivers, generating three lakes, that persisted for about 3 ka after the event. The post-overflow morphodynamics, characterized by an accelerated and intense stream network erosion, obliterated most of the primary landforms, such as ridges and blocks on the debris surface, making it difficult for scientists to interpret the emplacement kinematics of the landslide. In this regard, a novel spatial statistical approach is proposed here to zone the landslide debris in primary (original) and secondary (modified) regions which are, respectively, attributed to the original shape of the landslide debris and the one reshaped by fluvial erosion. The zonal computation combines the density classes of the mapped primary (ridge and blocks) and secondary (gullies) landforms, according to assumed conditions for representativeness of primary and secondary zones. For validating the model, 62 soil samples taken from the debris surface were classified according to the Unified Soil Classification System standard, and the field density measurements were performed in 28 sites. Based on the classification results, six types of soils were detected, among which 68% of them were ML. The ML samples were aggregated into five subgroups based on their relative proximity, and for each subgroup, four permeability tests were performed. The permeability results demonstrate that the high permeability values are associated with secondary zones, while low values with primary ones, thus confirming the zonation proposed by the statistical approach. The study of the spatial arrangement of the kinematic evidence on the primary landforms allowed to deduce that the landslide was a double-step single event, which infilled a paleo-valley enclosed by two anticline folds. During the emplacement, a part of the debris dissipated its energy over passing the anticlines with divergent directions, NW and NE, while the rest swept back into the Seymareh paleo-valley into the SE direction. The proposed approach represents a promising tool for the detection of primary landforms to assess the emplacement kinematics of landslides.

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Quantitative Investigation of a Mass Rock Creep Deforming Slope Through A-Din SAR and Geomorphometry

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Hazard Mitigation of a Landslide-Prone Area through Monitoring, Modeling, and Susceptibility Mapping

Hazard Mitigation of a Landslide-Prone Area through Monitoring, Modeling, and Susceptibility Mapping

The role of tectonic deformation and landscape evolution in the occurrence of Mass Rock Creep driven landslides: the Loumar landslide (Zagros Belt, Iran)

New Insights on the Emplacement Kinematics of the Seymareh Landslide (Zagros Mts., Iran) Through a Novel Spatial Statistical Approach

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