Quantitative Evaluation of Jet-Fuel Fouling and the Effect of Additives

Jones, E. G.; Balster, Lori M.; Balster, W. J.

doi:10.1021/ef00053a025

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…As oxygen consumption is complete near 0.35 m in the tube for the highest initial oxygen level (and longest oxygen consumption time), the full deposit profiles shown are for complete oxygen consumption conditions. This substantial lowering in deposit amount when employing various levels of partial deoxygenation for complete oxygen consumption conditions is in agreement with previous experimental studies. − …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

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Studies of the Impact of Fuel Deoxygenation on the Formation of Autoxidative Deposits

et al. 2020

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The formation of gums and surface deposits in aircraft fuel systems is known to be caused by oxidative reactions, which occur at elevated temperatures as jet fuel is used as a coolant, or by passive heating during passage through hot engine sections. In this work, we explore the effect of fuel deoxygenation levels on oxidation processes and autoxidative surface deposit formation via experimental and modeling approaches. Experimental measurements of oxygen consumption and deposition are performed over a range of initial oxygen levels in the near-isothermal flowing test rig (NIFTR) heated tube rig and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) batch reactor systems. In addition, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations, which include an autoxidative chemical kinetic mechanism, are used to help understand the effect of deoxygenation at partial and complete oxygen consumption conditions. The results indicate that under partial oxygen consumption conditions (i.e., high flow rates and relatively low temperatures) deoxygenation may have a significantly reduced effectiveness in eliminating deposit formation unless very high levels of deoxygenation are attained. Conversely, during complete (or nearly complete) oxygen consumption conditions (i.e., low flows and high temperatures) deoxygenation can be very effective. The results show that to be effective under all oxygen consumption conditions, one needs to deoxygenate to a lower level than the amount of oxygen consumed (e.g., 10% oxygen consumption requires deoxygenation to less than 10% of the initial oxygen level). The effect of deoxygenation is a complex function of conditions, such as temperature, flow, and oxygen consumption level, and this work points to the need for careful consideration of these conditions when employing fuel deoxygenation.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The near-isothermal flowing test rig (NIFTR) was used for flowing oxygen consumption and surface deposition measurements, while the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) system was employed for batch reactor measurements. The NIFTR was described in detail previously 12 and consisted of a 32 in. long, 1/8 in.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of the Impact of Fuel Deoxygenation on the Formation of Autoxidative Deposits

et al. 2020

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“…Methods that are currently available to reduce fouling include (1) special refining techniques such as hydrotreatment that improves fuel thermal stability by removing heteroatom impurities, (2) complex fuel management such as recirculation that can enhance component cooling by multiple fuel passes prior to combustion, (3) alteration of heated surfaces by alloy and finish selection and by application of specialized coatings, and (4) introduction of additives such as antioxidants to delay autoxidation, metal deactivators to reduce free radical initiation, and dispersants to reduce agglomeration. Fouling that occurs in the autoxidative temperature regime and its mitigation using approaches 3 and 4 are current topics of study in our laboratory. , Dilution of one fuel with a second fuel may be viewed as a variation on additive introduction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Stability of Jet-Fuel/Paraffin Blends

1996

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The thermooxidative stability of blends of a straight-run Jet-A fuel (POSF-2827) and a paraffinic/cycloparaffinic solvent (Exxsol D-80) has been studied in a single-pass tubular heat exchanger operated isothermally at 185 °C. Autoxidation of most blends is found to be significantly slower than that of either fuel or solvent. Surface fouling relative to the solvent is increased by addition of jet fuel; this is attributed to reactions of natural antioxidants present in the fuel. Surface fouling relative to the jet fuel is reduced following paraffin addition under conditions of partial O2 conversion; this is attributed to a lower initiation rate as the concentration of aromatics is reduced. The impact of these findings for mitigation of surface fouling in aircraft fuel lines is discussed.

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“…For example, jet fuel fouling or coking is a significant problem encountered in the aviation and petrochemical industries. 59,73 Kerosene, when under thermal stress, will decompose and create deposits on wetted materials. This phenomenon causes many problems in aviation applications given the use of jet fuel as an avionics coolant.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to salt scaling, the developed SOCAL coating methodology has many other antifouling applications where elevated temperatures and nonaqueous working fluids dominate. For example, jet fuel fouling or coking is a significant problem encountered in the aviation and petrochemical industries. , Kerosene, when under thermal stress, will decompose and create deposits on wetted materials. This phenomenon causes many problems in aviation applications given the use of jet fuel as an avionics coolant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme Antiscaling Performance of Slippery Omniphobic Covalently Attached Liquids

Zhao

Deshpande

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Scale formation presents an enormous cost to the global economy. Classical nucleation theory dictates that to reduce the heterogeneous nucleation of scale, the surface should have low surface energy and be as smooth as possible. Past approaches have focused on lowering surface energy via the use of hydrophobic coatings and have created atomically smooth interfaces to eliminate nucleation sites, or both, via the infusion of lowsurface-energy lubricants into rough superhydrophobic substrates. Although lubricant-based surfaces are promising candidates for antiscaling, lubricant drainage inhibits their utilization. Here, we develop methodologies to deposit slippery omniphobic covalently attached liquids (SOCAL) on arbitrary substrates. Similar to lubricant-based surfaces, SOCAL has ultralow roughness and surface energy, enabling low nucleation rates and eliminating the need to replenish the lubricant. To enable SOCAL coating on metals, we investigated the surface chemistry required to ensure high-quality functionalization as measured by ultralow contact angle hysteresis (<3°). Using a multilayer deposition approach, we first electrophoretically deposit (EPD) silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) as an intermediate layer between the metallic substrate and SOCAL. The necessity of EPD SiO 2 is to smooth (<10 nm roughness) as well as to enable the proper surface chemistry for SOCAL bonding. To characterize antiscaling performance, we utilized calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ) scale tests, showing a 20× reduction in scale deposition rate than untreated metallic substrates. Descaling tests revealed that SOCAL dramatically decreases scale adhesion, resulting in rapid removal of scale buildup. Our work not only demonstrates a robust methodology for depositing antiscaling SOCAL coatings on metals but also develops design guidelines for the creation of antifouling coatings for alternate applications such as biofouling and high-temperature coking.

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Quantitative Evaluation of Jet-Fuel Fouling and the Effect of Additives

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Studies of the Impact of Fuel Deoxygenation on the Formation of Autoxidative Deposits

Studies of the Impact of Fuel Deoxygenation on the Formation of Autoxidative Deposits

Thermal Stability of Jet-Fuel/Paraffin Blends

Extreme Antiscaling Performance of Slippery Omniphobic Covalently Attached Liquids

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