Quantitative evaluation of dual-energy digital mammography for calcification imaging

Kappadath, S. Cheenu; Shaw, Chris C.

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/49/12/007

Cited by 51 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…In regards to the required radiation dose, our previous study predicted dose levels of approximately [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Gy to measure the %RSD within 1/3%. 32 In this study, the lowest achievable dose level on the mammography system was approximately 75 Gy, and the %RSD was calculated to be 0.15%.…”

Section: Measured Thickness ͑Cm͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dual energy imaging can exploit differences between the effective atomic numbers ͑Z͒ of different tissues to provide separate quantitative thickness measurements for each tissue. Previous dual energy mammography techniques have primarily focused on imaging calcium, [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] iodine, and neoplastic breast tissue. [26][27][28][29] The adipose and glandular tissues have effective atomic numbers of 6.33 and 6.93, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of breast density with dual energy mammography: An experimental feasibility study

Ducote

Molloi

2010

Medical Physics

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Purpose: Breast density, the percentage of glandular breast tissue, has been shown to be a strong indicator of breast cancer risk. A quantitative method to measure breast density with dual energy mammography was investigated using physical phantoms. Methods: The dual energy mammography system used a tungsten anode x-ray tube with a 50 m rhodium beam filter for low energy images and a 300 m copper beam filter for high energy images. Glandular and adipose equivalent phantoms of uniform thickness were used to calibrate a dual energy basis decomposition algorithm. Four different phantom studies were used to evaluate the technique. The first study consisted of phantoms with thicknesses of 2.5-8.5 cm in 0.5 cm steps with variable densities centered at a mean of 28%. The second study consisted of phantoms at a fixed thickness of 4.0 cm, which ranged in densities from 0% to 100% in increments of 12.5%. The third study consisted of 4.0 cm thick phantoms at densities of 25%, 50% and 75% each imaged at three areal sizes, approximately 62.5, 125, and 250 cm 2 , in order to assess the effect of breast size on density measurement. The fourth study consisted of step phantoms designed to more closely mimic the shape of a female breast with maximal thicknesses from 3.0 to 7.0 cm at a fixed density of 50%. All images were corrected for x-ray scatter. Results: The RMS errors in breast density measurements were 0.44% for the variable thickness phantoms, 0.64% for the variable density phantoms, 2.87% for the phantoms of different areal sizes, and 4.63% for step phantoms designed to closely resemble the shape of a breast. Conclusions:The results of the phantom studies indicate that dual energy mammography can be used to measure breast density with an RMS error of approximately 5%.

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Section: Measured Thickness ͑Cm͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of breast density with dual energy mammography: An experimental feasibility study

Ducote

Molloi

2010

Medical Physics

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“…Their results applicable to Mo/Mo and W/La (anode/filter) beams, showed that for a 5cm thick compressed breast composed of 50% glandular and 50% adipose tissue, a SNR of 3 was achieved for a C  size of 250 m  , for certain combinations of low-and high-energy exposures [4]. However, under the current implementations of Dual Energy Digital Mammography (DEDM) the minimum detectable microcalcification size is in the range of 250 m  and 355 m  [4][5][6][7][8]. In this simulation study, a prototype dual energy mammography system using a CMOS based imaging detector with different X-ray spectra was modeled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of breast cancer detection in Dual Energy X-ray Mammography using a CMOS imaging detector

Koukou

Fountos

Martini

et al. 2015

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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View the article online for updates and enhancements. Abstract. Dual energy mammography has the ability to improve the detection of microcalcifications leading to early diagnosis of breast cancer. In this simulation study, a prototype dual energy mammography system, using a CMOS based imaging detector with different X-ray spectra, was modeled. The device consists of a 33.91 mg/cm 2 Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb scintillator screen, placed in direct contact with the sensor, with a pixel size of 22.5 m  .Various filter materials and tube voltages of a Tungsten (W) anode for both the low and high energy were examined. The selection of the filters applied to W spectra was based on their Kedges (K-edge filtering). Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was used to simulate microcalcifications. Calcification signal-to-noise ratio (SNR tc ) was calculated for entrance surface dose within the acceptable levels of conventional mammography. Optimization was based on the maximization of SNR tc while minimizing the entrance dose. The best compromise between SNR tc value and dose was provided by a 35kVp X-ray spectrum with added beam filtration of 100μm Pd and a 70kVp Yb filtered spectrum of 800 m  for the low and high energy, respectively. Computer simulation results show that a SNR tc value of 3.6 can be achieved for a calcification size of 200 m  . Compared with previous studies, this method can improve detectability of microcalcifications.

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“…We have developed a DEDM technique under full-field imaging conditions using a commercially available flat-panel based digital mammography system (Lemacks et al 2002, Kappadath and Shaw 2003, 2004, 2005, Kappadath et al 2004, 2005). The total entrance-skin exposure and mean-glandular dose from the LE and HE images, a limiting factor for the dual-energy (DE) image noise, were constrained to screening-examination levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A calibrated nonlinear mapping function was used to generate the DE calcification images from the separately acquired LE and HE images (Kappadath and Shaw 2003). Because scatter contamination in the LE and HE images can lead to erroneous calculations of the DE signals (Kappadath and Shaw 2004), the single-energy images were corrected for both scatter and non-uniformity in the x-ray field and detector response prior to the computation of the DE images (Kappadath and Shaw 2005). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-energy digital mammography for calcification imaging: noise reduction techniques

Kappadath

Shaw

2008

Phys. Med. Biol.

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We have previously developed a dual-energy digital mammography (DEDM) technique for calcification imaging under full-field imaging conditions using a commercially available flat-panel based digital mammography system. Although dual-energy (DE) imaging could suppress the obscuration of calcifications by tissue-structure background, it also increases the intrinsic noise in the DE images. Here we report on the effects of three different noise reduction techniques on DE calcification images: a simple smoothing (boxcar) filter applied to the DE image, a median filter applied to the HE image prior to the computation of the DE image and an adaptation of the Kalender's correlated-noise reduction (KNR) technique for DEDM. We compared the different noise reduction techniques by evaluating their effects on DE calcification images of a 5 cm thick breast-tissue-equivalent slab with continuously varying glandular-tissue ratio superimposed with calcium carbonate crystals of various sizes that simulate calcifications. Evaluations of different noise reducing techniques were performed by comparison of the root-mean-square signal in background regions (no calcifications present) of the DE calcification images and the contrast-tonoise ratios (CNR) of the calcifications in the DE calcification images. Amongst the different noise reduction techniques evaluated in this study, the KNR method was found to be most effective in reducing the image noise and increasing the calcification visibility (or CNR), closely followed by the HE median filter technique. Although the simple smoothing (boxcar) filter reduced the noise, it did not improve calcification visibility. The visible calcification threshold size with DEDM over smoothly varying background at screening mammography doses, assuming a CNR threshold of 4, was estimated to be around 250 μm with both the HE median filter and the KNR techniques. The quality of DE images with noise reduction techniques based on phantom studies were verified with DE images of an animal-tissue phantom that consisted of calcifications superimposed over more realistic tissue structures.

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Quantitative evaluation of dual-energy digital mammography for calcification imaging

Cited by 51 publications

References 28 publications

Quantification of breast density with dual energy mammography: An experimental feasibility study

Quantification of breast density with dual energy mammography: An experimental feasibility study

Optimization of breast cancer detection in Dual Energy X-ray Mammography using a CMOS imaging detector

Dual-energy digital mammography for calcification imaging: noise reduction techniques

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