Quantitative Estimation of the Viability of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts in Soil

Lélu, Maud; Villena, Isabelle; Dardé, Marie‐Laure; Aubert, Dominique; Geers, Régine; Dupuis, Emilie; Marnef, Francine; Poulle, Marie-Lazarine; Gotteland, Cécile; Dumètre, Aurélien; Gilot‐Fromont, Emmanuelle

doi:10.1128/aem.00246-12

Cited by 107 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Interannual variability in seroprevalence as a function of yearly rainfall and temperature has also been described in two other roe deer populations in France (Gotteland et al 2014). These results thus confirm previous observations, indicating that the survival of oocysts, and thus the contact between roe deer and infectious T. gondii, is highest during wet years with mild winters (Lélu et al 2012). In addition, we showed that an increase in the proportion of the area covered by human dwellings within the individual roe deer's home range was associated with increased T. gondii apparent seroprevalence.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…It spreads in the environment through the feces of Felidae (especially domestic and wild cats) which are the definitive hosts (Dubey 2009). The free-living stages (oocysts) may survive up to 2 years and are disseminated in soil and water, where their survival is sensitive to climatic conditions (Lélu et al 2012). Mild winters with early springs and high humidity favor oocyst survival and sporulation, which is necessary for infection (Gamarra et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does land use within the home range drive the exposure of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) to two abortive pathogens in a rural agro-ecosystem?

et al. 2014

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The recent increase in interactions between wildlife and domestic animals has heightened the risks of transmission of pathogens between wildlife, livestock, and humans. Our objective was to better understand how the spatial behavior of wildlife impacts their exposure to pathogens. We carried out a 5-year serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia abortus in a roe deer population (Capreolus capreolus) living in a rural landscape and monitored using GPS technology. We tested whether the apparent seroprevalence of these pathogens was related to the characteristics of roe deer's home range, indirectly reflecting the probability of contact between deer and domestic hosts (cats for T. gondii and ruminants for C. abortus). We controlled for the effects of temperature and rainfall, as local weather can affect pathogen survival in the environment. Overall, apparent seroprevalences were 43.7 and 15.8 % for T. gondii (N=135) and C. abortus (N=133), respectively. The apparent seroprevalence to T. gondii increased with the proportion of human dwellings (a proxy of cat presence) within the roe deer's core home range and was higher during mild and wet years. This result illustrates how the spatial behavior of wild animals can modulate their exposure to pathogens through the degree of spatial overlap with a domestic host. By contrast, apparent seroprevalence to C. abortus increased with the annual number of frosty days but not with the proportion of meadows occupied by domestic ruminants within the core home range. This suggests that the cycle of C. abortus in wild animals could be somewhat independent from that in livestock.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does land use within the home range drive the exposure of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) to two abortive pathogens in a rural agro-ecosystem?

et al. 2014

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“…We also tested the NAO value for year N -1 to analyze the influence of past climate variations. We expected the risk of toxoplasmosis to be the highest either during cool years or during warm and moist years (Frenkel et al 1975, Dumètre and Dardé 2003, Lélu et al 2012). …”

Section: Meteorological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasmosis in Natural Populations of Ungulates in France: Prevalence and Spatiotemporal Variations

Gotteland

Aubert

Gibert

et al. 2014

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Toxoplasmosis is characterized by a complex epidemiology. The risk of infection for humans depends on their contact with infective oocysts in a contaminated environment and on the amount of tissue cysts located within consumed meat. Unfortunately, the prevalence of tissue cysts is largely unknown for game species. Although herbivorous game species are a source of infection for humans, the level of infection found in wildlife can also be used to estimate environmental contamination. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and analyze its temporal dynamics in one population of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), one of mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon), and two of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in France, surveyed during a period of 6 to 28 years. Taking into account individual risk factors, we specifically analyzed the relationship between T. gondii prevalence and meteorological conditions that may influence oocyst survival. Serum samples from 101 chamois, 143 mouflons, and 1155 roe deer were tested for antibodies against T. gondii using the modified agglutination test (MAT), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay, or both. Using MAT with a threshold of 1:6, seroprevalence was 14.7% in mouflon, 16.8% in chamois, and 43.7% in roe deer. In mouflon and roe deer, seroprevalence was positively correlated with age and/or body mass, in accordance with the hypothesis that antibodies have long-term persistence. In roe deer, seropositivity differed between the two populations and changed linearly over time between 1983 and 2010, increasing by a factor 1.75 every 10 years. Moreover, in this species, the highest prevalences were found during dry and cold years or during warm and moist years, depending on the population. Our results suggest that the risk for people to acquire infection through game meat increases over time, but with high variability according to the population of origin and meteorological conditions of the year.

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“…The environment is more conducive to extended viability of the environmentally resistant, highly infective oocyst stage in this region [29]. Further, behavioral factors such as agricultural activity may represent an additional explanation for this comparatively high prevalence.…”

Section: Use Of the Truven Health Marketscan Commercial Claims Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Toxoplasmosis in the United States Through “Large Data” Analyses

Lykins¹,

Wang

Wheeler³

et al. 2016

Clin Infect Dis.

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Background. Toxoplasma gondii infection causes substantial morbidity and mortality in the United States, and infects approximately one-third of persons globally. Clinical manifestations vary. Seropositivity is associated with neurologic diseases and malignancies. There are few objective data concerning US incidence and distribution of toxoplasmosis.Methods. Truven Health MarketScan Database and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes, including treatment specific to toxoplasmosis, identified patients with this disease. Spatiotemporal distribution and patterns of disease manifestation were analyzed. Comorbidities between patients and matched controls were compared.Results. Between 2003 and 2012, 9260 patients had ICD-9 codes for toxoplasmosis. This database of patients with ICD-9 codes includes 15% of those in the United States, excluding patients with no or public insurance. Thus, assuming that demographics do not change incidence, the calculated total is 61 700 or 6856 patients per year. Disease was more prevalent in the South. Mean age at diagnosis was 37.5 ± 15.5 years; 2.4% were children aged 0-2 years, likely congenitally infected. Forty-one percent were male, and 73% of women were of reproductive age. Of identified patients, 38% had eye disease and 12% presented with other serious manifestations, including central nervous system and visceral organ damage. Toxoplasmosis was statistically associated with substantial comorbidities, including human immunodeficiency virus, autoimmune diseases, and neurologic diseases.Conclusions. Toxoplasmosis causes morbidity and mortality in the United States. Our analysis of private insurance records missed certain at-risk populations and revealed fewer cases of retinal disease than previously estimated, suggesting undercoding, underreporting, undertreating, or differing demographics of those with eye disease. Mandatory reporting of infection to health departments and gestational screening could improve care and facilitate detection of epidemics and, thereby, public health interventions.

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Quantitative Estimation of the Viability of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts in Soil

Cited by 107 publications

References 24 publications

Does land use within the home range drive the exposure of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) to two abortive pathogens in a rural agro-ecosystem?

Does land use within the home range drive the exposure of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) to two abortive pathogens in a rural agro-ecosystem?

Toxoplasmosis in Natural Populations of Ungulates in France: Prevalence and Spatiotemporal Variations

Understanding Toxoplasmosis in the United States Through “Large Data” Analyses

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