Quantitative estimation of the surface carbohydrates on the infection structures of rust fungi with enzymes and lectins

Mendgen, Kurt; Lange, Martina; Bretschneider, Karin

doi:10.1007/bf00446968

Cited by 54 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The outer matrix of uredospore-derived infection hyphae binds to numerous lectins in a pattern typical of each rust fungus (Mendgen et al, 1985;Freytag & Mendgen, 1991a). P. pachyrhizi penetrates epidermal cells directly and produces an extremely long penetration hypha that stretches through the epidermis and then forms a primary hypha (= infection hypha) (Koch et al, 1983).…”

Section: Cell Wall Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Infection structures of fungal plant pathogens – a cytological and physiological evaluation

1993

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SUMMARY Many fungi differentiate specific infection structures in order to infect the host plant. The spore attaches to the host surface, the cuticle, and the germ tube may recognize suitable penetration sites, over which an appressorium is formed. Additional wall layers in appressoria of many fungi suggest that this structure supports increasing pressure during the penetration process. During appressorium formation, synthesis of polymer‐degrading enzymes is often initiated. Cutinases, cellulases and pectin‐degrading enzymes can be formed in a developmentally controlled or adaptive, i.e. substrate‐dependent, fashion. The penetration hypha develops below the appressorium. This hypha has a new wall structure and exhibits features which serve to breach the plant cell wall. However, at present it is not clear whether penetration hyphae arising from appressoria are more efficient in penetration or induce less damage than hyphae which penetrate without detectable special adaptations. The infection hypha differentiates within the host. During differentiation a characteristic set of enzymes is synthesized to enable successful establishment of the host‐pathogen relationship. If, as in most cases, multiple forms of cell wall‐degrading enzymes are formed by the pathogen, mutagenesis or deletion of a gene encoding one of these enzymes very often has no effect on pathogenicity or even virulence. Proof is missing very often that an enzyme is needed at the right time and at the right site of infection. Events occurring during differentiation of fungal infection structures are reviewed with special emphasis on Magnaporthe grisea, Colletotrichum spp., and rust fungi, and common features which may be of importance to the success of infection are discussed.

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Section: Cell Wall Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Infection structures of fungal plant pathogens – a cytological and physiological evaluation

1993

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“…Even their wall components are differently exposed during differentiation of these infection structures (13). Germ tubes grow on the leaf surface and have chitin on their exterior wall layer (13). After penetrating through the stoma into the intercellular space, the differentiating infection hypha has an inner layer containing chitin (7) that is covered with a nearly chitin-free outer layer (7,13) consisting mainly of glucans (13).…”

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“…Germ tubes grow on the leaf surface and have chitin on their exterior wall layer (13). After penetrating through the stoma into the intercellular space, the differentiating infection hypha has an inner layer containing chitin (7) that is covered with a nearly chitin-free outer layer (7,13) consisting mainly of glucans (13). This outer layer may contain race and species specific carbohydrates (13,14).…”

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Chitinases and β-1,3-Glucanases in the Apoplastic Compartment of Oat Leaves (Avena sativa L.)

Fink¹,

Liefland²,

Mendgen³

1988

Plant Physiol.

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To isolate chitinases and f8-1,3-glucanases from the intercellular space of oats (Avena sativa L.), primary leaves were infiltrated with buffer and subjected to gentle centrifugation to obtain intercellular washing fluid (IWF). Approximately 5% of the chitinase and 10% of the ,B-1,3-glucanase activity of the whole leaf were released. Only small amounts (0.01-0.03%) of the intracellular marker malate-dehydrogenase were released into the IWF during infiltration. Activities of chitinase and fl-1,3-glucanase in the IWF and in the leaf extract were compared by different chromatographic methods. On Sephadex G-75, chitinase appeared as a single peak (M, 29.8 kD) both in IWF and homogenate. ,-1,3-Glucanase, however, showed two peaks in the IWF (M, 52 and 31.3 kD), whereas the elution pattern of the homogenate showed only one major peak at 22 kD. Chromatofocusing indicated that the IWF contained four chitinases and five 68-1,3-glucanases. The elution pattern of the homogenate and IWF were similar with regard to the elution pH, but the peak intensities were distinctly different. Our results demonstrate that extracellular 0-1,3-glucanases are different from those located intracellularly. Extracellular and intracellular chitinases do not differ in molecular properties, except for one isozyme which seems to be confined to the extracellular space. We suggest that both enzymes might play a special role in pathogenesis during fungal infection.

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“…Carbohydrates on and in cell walls of rust fungi have been studied biocbemically (Joppien, Burger & Reisener, 1972;Trocha, Daly & Langenbach 1974;Kim, Rohringer & Chong, 1982;Karminsky & Heath, 1983) and histochemically (Chong, Harder & Rohringer, 1985;Kopooria & Mendgen, 1985;Mendgen et al, 1985;Freytag & Mendgen, 1991). A general finding is that the fungus changes its surface carbohydrates when entering the host plant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrates on the surface of urediniospore‐ and basidiospore‐derived infection structures of heteroecious and autoecious rust fungi

Freytag

Mendgen

1991

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYNine fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeiled leclins with affinity towards different carbohydrates were used to probe the surface carbohydrates of infection structures in vitro, derived from urediniospores and basidiospores of an autoecious rust species. Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers,) Schroet., and of a heteroecious rust species, Lhomyces rumicis (Schum,) Wint, Lectin binding was quantified by measuring fluorescence photometrically.All lectins bound in a characteristic pattern to the infection structures of the respective spore types of each rust fungus. Differences were especially obvious between those infection structures normally produced inside leaf tissue, namely the urediniospore-derived substomatal vesicles with infection hyphae, and the basidiospore-derived intraepidermal vesicles. The dikaryotic stage and the monokaryotic stage of the heteroecious fungus differed mainly in their affinity for the lectins from Bandeira simplicifolia and Lotus tetragonolobus.A statistical anaiysis comparing the binding oi the iectins to infection structures of two rust fungi suggested that cell surface composition is determined by nuclear condition. The monokaryotic stages of both rust fungi have a higher degree of similarity than the dikaryotic and monokaryotic stages of the same rust fungus.

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Quantitative estimation of the surface carbohydrates on the infection structures of rust fungi with enzymes and lectins

Cited by 54 publications

References 23 publications

Infection structures of fungal plant pathogens – a cytological and physiological evaluation

Infection structures of fungal plant pathogens – a cytological and physiological evaluation

Chitinases and β-1,3-Glucanases in the Apoplastic Compartment of Oat Leaves (Avena sativa L.)

Carbohydrates on the surface of urediniospore‐ and basidiospore‐derived infection structures of heteroecious and autoecious rust fungi

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