Quantitative digestion of fresh herbage by sheep:V. The digestion of four herbages and prediction of sites of digestion

Ulyatt, M. J.; Egan, A. R.

doi:10.1017/s0021859600053855

Cited by 47 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…As stated previously, diets R1, W1 and W2 were all characterized by high contents of N, and on the basis of studies by Mangan (1982) and Ulyatt et al (1985) it appears reasonable to conclude that much of this N would be rapidly released during mastication and thus readily degraded in the rumen. From the present results it may be estimated that degraded N: degraded OM values varied between 45 g/kg (Rl) and 62 g/kg (white-clover diets), all of which would on the basis of current knowledge supply adequate degraded N to support active and efficient microbial growth.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

The digestion of fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. cv. Melle) and white clover (Trifolium repensL. cv. Blanca) by growing cattle fed indoors

et al. 1985

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1. Pure swards ofperennial ryegrass (Loliumperenne L. cv. Melle) or white clover (Trifolium repens L.cv. Blanca) were harvested daily at three and two stages of growth respectively, and offered to housed cattle. The grass diets comprised primary growth (May) and two later regrowths of contrasting morphology (i.e. leaf stem values of 1.54 and 2 4 4 respectively), and were characterized by high contents of water-soluble carbohydrate and neutraldetergent fibre and comparable in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibilities (mean 0.80). Total nitrogen content was higher on primary growth grass (34 g/kg DM) than on regrowths (23 g/kg DM) but lower than values obtained for the two clover diets (38 and 43 g/kg DM, respectively). The clover diets had lower water-soluble carbohydrate contents than the grasses, comparable cellulose, but lower neutral-detergent fibre contents and in vitro DM digestibilities of 0.70 and 0.77 respectively.2. The experiment lasted from May until August, during which time a total of twenty-one young Friesian steers (initial average live weight 130 kg) were used to determine both nutrient supply to the small intestine (twelve animals) and apparent digestibility (nine animals). Each diet was offered at three levels of DM intake (i.e. 18, 22 and 26 g/kg live weight). A further six steers, all fed at the rate of 22 g DM/kg live weight, were used to determine the metabolizable energy contents of the five diets by means of open-circuit calorimetry.3. The three grass diets and the later-cut clover had, as intended, quite similar in vivo organic matter digestibilities, but that of the earlier-cut clover was lower, and this was associated with a large number of flower heads in this crop at the time of feeding. 4.On the clover diets, proportionately less of the ingested organic matter appeared to be digested in the rumen (0.40) compared with the grass diets (0.58) (P < 0.001). On the high-N primary grass and the clover diets, substantial rumen losses of N were detected (P < 0.01) compared with regrowth grasses. 5.The metabolizable energy content of the primary growth of grass was 12.2 MJ/kg DM, whilst the values for the other two grass diets were lower (1 1.6 MJ/kg DM), despite no marked decline in overall energy digestibility. Values for the two clover diets (mean 10.5 MJ/kg DM) were considerably lower than all values noted for the grasses.6. The amount of absorbed non-ammonia-N expressed per MJ metabolizable energy averaged 1.24 g/MJ on the grass diets, with no apparent seasonal effects, compared with 1.79 g/MJ on the two clover diets.7. Reasons for variations in nutrient supply and the consequence of considerable rumen losses of ingested N on the high-N diets are discussed, and the contribution that white clover can make to overall protein supply in grazing ruminants is established.Despite the fact that most of the total forage utilized by ruminants throughout the world is consumed in situ in the fresh form by grazing animals, remarkably few in vivo experiments have been undertaken to examine the nutritive v...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

The digestion of fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. cv. Melle) and white clover (Trifolium repensL. cv. Blanca) by growing cattle fed indoors

et al. 1985

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“…Third the incidence of bloat, as seen with legume diets, may in part be related to the rapid rates of digestion and protein solubilization of fresh forage which occur in the rumen following ingestion (Beever et al 19866). In these regards the results of the present experiment with respect to the untreated forages confirm previous experimental findings (Beever et al 1985(Beever et al , 1986aUlyatt et al 1981).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Recent experiments with growing cattle (Ulyatt et al 1981;Beever et al 1985Beever et al , 1986a have demonstrated that as the amount of nitrogen in the crop increases, considerable losses of N between mouth and duodenum (up to 0.40 of N intake) can occur. Such losses have been associated with high rumen ammonia concentrations and it has been concluded that both are associated with the relatively large amounts of soluble N in fresh forages and the consequent imbalance between degraded N and degraded organic matter (OM) supply in the rumen.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of monensin or formaldehyde to control the digestion of the nitrogenous constituents of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Melle) and white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Blanca) in the rumen of cattle

et al. 1987

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1. Pure swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Melle) and white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Blanca)were harvested daily as primary growth (grass in May, clover in June) or regrowths (clover only in July) and offered, in the long form, to growing cattle at a feeding rate of 22 g dry matter/kg live weight. With each forage, two treatments were compared with the untreated forage (C): monensin (100 g active ingredient/kg, 250 mg/d) addition to the rumen (treatment M) or formaldehyde (30 g/kg crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)) application to the diet (treatment F). The objective of the experiment was to examine means of manipulating N metabolism in the rumen and the duodenal non-ammonia-N (NAN) supply derived from fresh forages. 2.The apparent digestion of ingested organic matter (g/kg) in the rumen was unaffected by treatment M (C 509, M 497) but was significantly ( P < 0.01) reduced by tieatment F (443). The extent of cellulose digestion in the rumen was not affected by any of the treatments imposed and the changes in organic matter digestion were due mainly to effects on N digestion and rumen microbial synthesis. On the untreated diets, duodenal NAN supply averaged 0.74 g/g N intake and treatment M caused a small but non-significant increase (M 0.79 g/g N intake).In contrast, the effect of treatment F was much larger (F 0.91 g/g N intake; P < 0.01). These differences were accompanied by corresponding reductions in rumen NH, concentrations (mg/l; C 350, M 310, F 220; P < 0.001).3. Of the increased flow of NAN to the small intestine observed on the white clover only diets with treatment F, 0.70 was accounted for by an increased net synthesis of microbial N, while treatment M had no effect on microbial N synthesis and a marginal reduction in feed N degradability only with the regrowth white clover diet. Treatment F reduced feed N degradability to a limited extent on both clover diets (C 0.82, M 0.81, F 0.77). No corresponding measurements were made for the ryegrass diets.4. It is concluded that the extensive loss of N from the reticulo-rumen of cattle fed on fresh forages can be reduced by the use of agents to reduce protein solubility. However, the study demonstrated that treatment F may in some circumstances increase N supply to the small intestine more through enhancing microbial N synthesis within the rumen than through increasing the passage of undegraded feed N to the small intestine. The use of monensin, to manipulate proteolytic or deaminative activity in the rumen, or both, was not found to confer any beneficial effects on duodenal-NAN supply.There have been several studies to evaluate the digestion of fresh forages and the nutrient supply arising from such diets (Beever et al. 1971(Beever et al. , 1976(Beever et al. , 1978b Ulyatt & Egan, 1979; VtritC et al. 1984). Recent experiments with growing cattle (Ulyatt et al. Beever et al. 1985 Beever et al. , 1986a have demonstrated that as the amount of nitrogen in the crop increases, considerable losses of N between mouth and duodenum (up to 0.40 of N...

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“…Kraiem et al (1990) observed no differences between lucerne, birdsfoot trefoil and sainfoin when compared as hays or silage harvested at the early flowering stage. Comparing fresh sainfoin and white clover at the vegetative stage, Ulyatt and Egan (1979) found a lower OMD for sainfoin (76% v. 84%), but white clover is known to be more digestible than lucerne.…”

Section: Energy Value and Ingestibilitymentioning

confidence: 94%

In vivo and in situ measurements of the digestive characteristics of sainfoin in comparison with lucerne fed to sheep as fresh forages at two growth stages and as hay

Aufrere

Dudilieu

Poncet

2008

Animal

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In vivoandin situdigestive characteristics of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifoliaL., a tannin-rich forage) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L., a tannin-free forage) were compared to evaluate the effects of condensed tannins (CT) and growth stage (vegetativev. early flowering) in experiment 1. In experiment 2, the hays of the two forages, harvested at early flowering, were compared. Ingestibility, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and nitrogen (N) retention were measured in sheep fed sainfoin and lucerne fresh forages and hays. The loss of dry matter (DM) and N from polyester bags suspended in the rumen, abomasum and small intestine was also measured using rumen fistulated sheep and other intestine fistulated sheep. Nitrogen content was lower in sainfoin than in lucerne. Content of CT in sainfoin decreased with growth stage (3.5 to 2.5 g CT/kg DM) and was lower for sainfoin hay (0.6 g CT/kg DM). Ingestibility and OMD did not differ between fresh-fed forage species. Total N tract digestibilityin vivowas much lower for sainfoin than for lucerne fresh forages (mean value 0.540v. 0.721,P< 0.001) and for sainfoin hay than lucerne hay (0.464v. 0.683,P< 0.001). In both species, N digestibility was not altered by growth stage. The rumen degradation of N was lower in sainfoin than in lucerne, resulting in a lower proportion of N intake excreted in urine. The intestinal digestibility of sainfoin was also lower than that of lucerne, resulting in a higher N excretion in faeces. Hence the efficiency of N utilisation by sheep (ENr) was similar (mean value 0.205 and 0.199 g N retained/g N intake for fresh sainfoin and lucerne, respectively). The coefficient of N retention by the animal was higher for sainfoin at the vegetative stage than for all the other forages. Nitrogen degradability in the rumen determined by the nylon bag technique (DegN) was lower for sainfoin than for lucerne when forages were studied both fresh (mean value 0.608 and 0.818, respectively) and as hays (0.631 and 0.767). The efficiency of forage N digestion (ENd) was higher for sainfoin at the vegetative stage. Compared with lucerne, sainfoin greatly increased thein situestimate of forage N escaping the rumen but decreased its intestinal digestibility.

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Quantitative digestion of fresh herbage by sheep:V. The digestion of four herbages and prediction of sites of digestion

Cited by 47 publications

References 37 publications

The digestion of fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. cv. Melle) and white clover (Trifolium repensL. cv. Blanca) by growing cattle fed indoors

The digestion of fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. cv. Melle) and white clover (Trifolium repensL. cv. Blanca) by growing cattle fed indoors

The use of monensin or formaldehyde to control the digestion of the nitrogenous constituents of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Melle) and white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Blanca) in the rumen of cattle

In vivo and in situ measurements of the digestive characteristics of sainfoin in comparison with lucerne fed to sheep as fresh forages at two growth stages and as hay

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