Quantitative determination of wear metals in engine oils using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: A comparison between liquid jets and static liquids

Yaroshchyk, Pavel; Morrison, Richard J. S.; Body, Doug; Chadwick, Bruce L.

doi:10.1016/j.sab.2005.03.011

Cited by 113 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The static liquid configuration is simple to use and requires a small sample volume (<10 mL) but the formation of shockwaves on the liquid surface after a laser shot can result in splashing and laser defocusing. Therefore, the repeatability of the measurements can be degraded and it is necessary to work at lower repetition rates [10], which was not possible with the MobiLIBS system.…”

Section: Static Liquidmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fast quantitative determination of platinum in liquid samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

et al. 2012

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The potential of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the rapid determination of platinum in liquid silicone oils has been evaluated in the framework of on-line process control. A comparison of LIBS sensitivity between three setups designed for liquid analysis (static, liquid jet and flowing liquid) was performed using a 266 nm Nd/YAG laser irradiation. Best results were obtained using the flowing liquid setup and a similar limit of detection was obtained using the liquid jet. The effect of different buffer gases (Ar, He, N 2 , etc.) on the signal sensitivity was studied in liquid jet analysis and best values were obtained with a nitrogen sheath gas. Detection limits were in the 100 mg/kg range for both setups. Quantitative determination of platinum in real liquid samples was also investigated using both liquid jet and flowing liquid setups. Calibration curves were plotted for Pt with the liquid jet and the flowing liquid setups under optimised temporal acquisition parameters (delay time and gate width). A normalisation using a silicon line was applied and recovery ranged from 3 to 15 % for Pt in catalyst samples with both setups showing that LIBS is a sensitive and accurate method for online applications.

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Section: Static Liquidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yaroshchyk et al have determined the content of wear metals present in used engine oils using two different LIBS arrangements: liquid jet and static liquid [10]. The results showed that the use of a jet allowed to reduce splashing effects and to improve detection limits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast quantitative determination of platinum in liquid samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

et al. 2012

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“…It was found that the flow speed of only 2 cm/s reduces RSD of the measurements 3.5 times with respect to a static surface [6]. In average, the improvement of the LODs by sampling a flowing or a jet liquid with respect to the static surface is for about factor 4 [31]. Ablation of a liquid jet further reduces splashes with respect to a case of slowly flushing liquid and thus additionally improves the signal reproducibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In the first reported LIBS measurements on a liquid jet only 8 fg of Na was detected by a single shot signal acquisition [9]. In following, different experiments were performed on the jets with laminar flow and thickness between 0.2 and 1 mm [28,[31][32][33][34]. The maximum plasma intensity was obtained for focusing a beam behind the frontal jet surface, on way that the largest sample volume exceeds the LIB threshold for the given liquid and the excitation parameters [31].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In following, different experiments were performed on the jets with laminar flow and thickness between 0.2 and 1 mm [28,[31][32][33][34]. The maximum plasma intensity was obtained for focusing a beam behind the frontal jet surface, on way that the largest sample volume exceeds the LIB threshold for the given liquid and the excitation parameters [31]. The optimal jet's flow rate corresponds to a stable liquid stream, and in [33] it was found to be 200 V. Lazic 20 mL/min.…”

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LIBS Analysis of Liquids and of Materials Inside Liquids

Lazic

2014

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

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Abbreviations and Symbols CILaser induced plasma formation on or inside liquids is characterized by large energy losses due to liquid evaporation. Ablation of a liquid surface is followed by hydro-dynamical instabilities and splashing. Plasma generation inside bulk liquids is affected by the light absorption and scattering, and it is accompanied by intense pressure waves and successive vapor cavitation. Efficient LIBS analyses in presence of liquids require different considerations; the examples are reported and discussed in following. IntroductionLaser induced plasma formation has the irradiance threshold dependent on the sample density, and generally it progressively reduces when passing from gases, to liquids and then to solids. Excluding the losses along the beam path, this means that less laser energy is required for ablation of dry or submerged solid materials than for ablation of a liquid or for generating breakdown inside liquids. Plasma formation in presence of liquids is not efficient because a great portion of the laser energy is expended for the liquid vaporization; this strongly reduces the energy available for the plasma excitation. It has been estimated that about 75 % of the input radiation is consumed for vaporization during laser induced breakdown (LIB) inside water [1]. Furthermore, both water and organic solutions contain hydrogen, which contributes to a rapid thermalization and cooling of the formed plasma. Once the plasma is created in liquids, the high density and nearly incompressible medium strongly confines the plume; the corresponding effects on the plasma evolution and LIBS signal are recently reviewed [2]. Laser ablation (LA) of liquids by short, intense pulses is a complex process where the liquid surface is no longer in equilibrium with the surrounding vapor; this results in a very high net mass flux from the sample surface to the surrounding [3 and references therein]. The high mass flux increases the pressure at the target surface and so raises the boiling temperature. Once the normal boiling is established, the presence of volumetric energy densities slightly higher than that equivalent to the saturation temperature causes the formation and growth of a vapor bubble. If the deposition rate of volumetric energy density by a laser pulse exceeds the energy consumed by vaporization, the liquid is driven to a metastable state until the spinoidal temperature is reached. At this temperature, the liquid undergoes so called ''spinoidal decomposition'' where the entire superheated liquid volume separates into saturated liquid and vapor, which are ejected into atmosphere. This process occurs normally during LIBS sampling of a liquid surface. In case of water ablation it has been estimated that less than 50 % of the deposited energy transforms into vapor while the remaining part is consumed for ejection of droplets [3]. The energy loss on droplet expulsion i.e. splashing further degrades the LIBS signal.LIBS measurements are often performed on water solutions or inside the same. Laser intera...

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Appendix C: Detection Limits from the Literature

Cremers

Radziemski²

2013

Handbook of Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

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Quantitative determination of wear metals in engine oils using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: A comparison between liquid jets and static liquids

Cited by 113 publications

References 34 publications

Fast quantitative determination of platinum in liquid samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Fast quantitative determination of platinum in liquid samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

LIBS Analysis of Liquids and of Materials Inside Liquids

Appendix C: Detection Limits from the Literature

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