Quantitative determination of the boar taint compounds androstenone, skatole, indole, 3α-androstenol and 3β-androstenol in wild boars (Sus scrofa) reveals extremely low levels of the tryptophan-related degradation products

Fischer, Jochen; Wüst, Matthias

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.105

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…These animals were chosen according to elevated back fat levels of skatole and androstenone (skatole > 300 ng/g, androstenone > 2000 ng/g) as determined by a reported GC-MS method. 35 Additionally, three liver samples from boars with back fat levels of skatole and androstenone below the postulated sensory thresholds were analyzed. All samples were shock-frozen using liquid nitrogen after slaughter at a weight of 90 kg (around 140 days of age) and kept at −80 °C prior to analysis.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Liver samples from 12 pigs of type Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg hybrid were obtained from the Institute of Animal Science (University of Bonn, Germany). These animals were chosen according to elevated back fat levels of skatole and androstenone (skatole > 300 ng/g, androstenone > 2000 ng/g) as determined by a reported GC-MS method . Additionally, three liver samples from boars with back fat levels of skatole and androstenone below the postulated sensory thresholds were analyzed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2-Aminoacetophenone Is the Main Volatile Phase I Skatole Metabolite in Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg Hybrid Type Boars

Gerlach

Elsinghorst

Schmarr

et al. 2016

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Skatole metabolites have been considered as putative contributors to boar taint. Recently, 2-aminoacetophenone, a volatile phase I skatole metabolite, was identified in back fat samples from boars of Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg hybrid type. This paper addresses the question of the physiological origin of the observed 2-aminoacetophenone in these pigs. Microsomal fractions from nine boars were isolated, and formation of skatole metabolites was subsequently analyzed by stable-isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Significant breed-related differences in phase I skatole metabolism were observed, explaining the high levels of 2-aminoacetophenone in Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg hybrid type boars.

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Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

2-Aminoacetophenone Is the Main Volatile Phase I Skatole Metabolite in Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg Hybrid Type Boars

Gerlach

Elsinghorst

Schmarr

et al. 2016

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…Androstenone was first attributed as a cause of boar taint by Patterson [ 13 ] and androstenone metabolism has been extensively studied by Gower [ 14 ]. More recently the importance of androstenone metabolites, e.g., androstenols, in boar taint has also been considered [ 15 ].…”

Section: Boar Taintmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pork Production with Entire Males: Directions for Control of Boar Taint

Squires

Bone

Cameron

2020

Animals

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Boar taint is caused by the accumulation of androstenone and skatole and other indoles in the fat; this is regulated by the balance between synthesis and degradation of these compounds and can be affected by a number of factors, including environment and management practices, sexual maturity, nutrition, and genetics. Boar taint can be controlled by immunocastration, but this practice has not been accepted in some countries. Genetics offers a long-term solution to the boar taint problem via selective breeding or genome editing. A number of short-term strategies to control boar taint have been proposed, but these can have inconsistent effects and there is too much variability between breeds and individuals to implement a blanket solution for boar taint. Therefore, we propose a precision livestock management approach to developing solutions for controlling taint. This involves determining the differences in metabolic processes and the genetic variations that cause boar taint in specific groups of pigs and using this information to design custom treatments based on the cause of boar taint. Genetic, proteomic or metabolomic profiling can then be used to identify and implement effective solutions for boar taint for specific populations of animals.

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“…We did not observe any correlation between skatole and androstenone concentrations, even in EMs, where the liver degrading enzyme is likely to be metabolically burdened with high androstenone levels. This could be a consequence of good hygiene, health, and housing conditions because animals were all raised in experimental facilities with reinforced cleaning protocols when compared to commercial housing conditions [ 32 ]. A recent study suggested that there is no relationship between fatty acids constituting the fat and skatole and androstenone contents [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male Reproductive Organ Weight: Criteria for Detection of Androstenone-Positive Carcasses in Immunocastrated and Entire Male Pigs

Fazarinc

Batorek-Lukač

Škrlep

et al. 2023

Animals

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Immunocastration and rearing of entire males (EMs) are sustainable alternatives to surgical castration. However, these animal carcasses have variable risk of boar taint and should be identified at the slaughter line. We aimed to identify a simple and reliable indicator of androstenone-related boar taint by evaluating pelvic urogenital tract weight as a marker of boar-taint animals at the slaughter line. The pelvic urogenital tract, testes, and accessory sex glands of EMs and immunocastrates (ICs) were collected, dissected, and weighed, before colorimetric measurements of testicular tissue. Additionally, GnRH antibody titers and testosterone, androstenone, and skatole levels were determined. Our results showed that 81.8% of EMs had androstenone levels above the risk threshold (>0.5 µg/g fat; EM/Ahigh subgroup), whereas in ICs, the C/Ahigh subgroup with androstenone >0.5 µg/g fat accounted for only 4.3%. Androstenone levels correlated negatively with GnRH antibody titers and positively with testosterone levels and reproductive organ weights. Identification of ICs with androstenone levels above the threshold (IC/Ahigh subgroup) may be achieved via testes or pelvic urogenital tract weight measurements. However, in EMs, the latter is a more reliable parameter. A principal component analysis based on these variables and hierarchical clustering also distinguished the Ahigh from the Alow subgroup, irrespective of IC/EM. The findings highlight the possible use of pelvic urogenital tract weight along with testes weight as a simple, reliable, and efficient morphometric indicator for identifying androstenone-positive carcasses of different sex categories.

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Quantitative determination of the boar taint compounds androstenone, skatole, indole, 3α-androstenol and 3β-androstenol in wild boars (Sus scrofa) reveals extremely low levels of the tryptophan-related degradation products

Cited by 11 publications

References 43 publications

2-Aminoacetophenone Is the Main Volatile Phase I Skatole Metabolite in Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg Hybrid Type Boars

2-Aminoacetophenone Is the Main Volatile Phase I Skatole Metabolite in Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg Hybrid Type Boars

Pork Production with Entire Males: Directions for Control of Boar Taint

Male Reproductive Organ Weight: Criteria for Detection of Androstenone-Positive Carcasses in Immunocastrated and Entire Male Pigs

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