Quantitative Determination of Linear Primary Alcohol Ethoxylate Surfactants in Environmental Samples by Thermospray LC/MS

Evans, K. Alex; Dubey, Sheila; Kravetz, L.; Džidić, I.; Gumulka, J.; Mueller, Robert; Stork, Joachim

doi:10.1021/ac00077a019

Cited by 69 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Surfactants are used in large volumes in a broad variety of household and commercial detergents and cleaning products (1)(2)(3). After use, the surfactants are usually disposed of into a wastewater treatment system, and the effluents ultimately are released into surface waters.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitation of alcohol ethoxylate surfactants in environmental samples by electrospray mass spectrometry

Evans

Dubey

Kravetz

et al. 1997

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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This report describes a method for obtaining the concentrations of the total and individual alcohol ethoxylate (AE) species in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents by using electrospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). This is a more advantageous method for quantitative analysis of AE in environmental matrices as compared with a previous thermospray LC/MS method. This new method is more sensitive, uses less solvents, utilizes a deuterated internal standard blend [C 13 D 27 O(CH 2 CH 2 O) n H, where n varies from 0 to 21 with an average of n = 9], which corresponds more closely to the AE, and it is a more robust instrumental technique. In this report, we document the results for validation of the electrospray LC/MS method by spike recovery of AE from STP effluent and influent samples. JAOCS 74, 765-773 (1997).

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confidence: 99%

Quantitation of alcohol ethoxylate surfactants in environmental samples by electrospray mass spectrometry

Evans

Dubey

Kravetz

et al. 1997

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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“…This provides an important data gap since toxicity is a function of alkyl and EO. The LC/MS methods of Evans et al (1994Evans et al ( , 1997 for environmental samples could not quantitate FA or AE with an ethoxylate number less than two. The limitations with the LC/MS methodology for water samples have been addressed by Dunphy et al (2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These new methods employ liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) with thermospray ionization (Evans et al, 1994), and electrospray ionization (Evans et al, 1997) for increased sensitivity and specificity. More recently the first methods for the measurement of AE in sediments have begun to appear in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ASsessment Of Alcohol Ethoxylate Surfactants And Fatty Alcohols Mixtures In River Sediments And Prospective Risk Assessment

Dyer¹,

Sanderson²,

Waite³

et al. 2006

Environ Monit Assess

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A feasible and relatively readily available analytical method was adapted for the assessment of alcohol ethoxylates (AE) and fatty alcohols (FA) in sediments. This study illustrates the simultaneous measurement of 38 of 114 possible alcohol ethoxylate ethoxymers (AE) and fatty alcohols (FA) found in commercially important AE products. We predicted toxicity for all identified fractions, as well as the total mixture toxicity, relative to three exposure scenarios via sewage treatment plants (STP) for these widely used chemicals in consumer products and hence generate a preliminary environmental risk screening for AE and FA in sediments. The method is based on derivatization of solvent or solid-phase extracts with 2-fluoro-N-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (Pyr+). The derivatized extracts were analyzed with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) operating in the positive ion electrospray mode. The extraction efficiency of AE and FA in three different sediments of varying composition was evaluated with spike-recovery studies, ranging from 64% to 80%. The detection limits for individual ethoxymers typically ranged from 1 to 5 ngg(-1)on a dry weight basis. The mean limit of detection (LOD) was 6 ngg(-1)and the median LOD was 3 ngg(-1). AE and FA in sediments were found to be stable for two weeks if preserved with 3% (v/v) formalin and stored at 4-6( composite function)C. Based on equilibrium partitioning, background concentrations of AE and FA were predicted to be below concentrations known to elicit chronically toxic effects. Total worst case mixture toxicities for all AE ethoxymers combined with FA were predicted to result in a risk quotient less than 0.6. Activated sludge treatment (STP) significantly reduced the release of total AE and FA by four-fold, suggesting that the total mixture risk quotient would be < 0.15 for sediment dependent organisms.

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“…Liquid-liquid extraction [2], sublation [3] and mainly solid-phase extraction (SPE) were used to recover AAEs from aqueous matrices. SPE exploited the hydrophobicity of the AAE molecule and employed sorbents were alkyl-bonded silica [4][5][6] and graphitized carbon black [7,8]. Extraction of AAEs from the solid phase was carried out using traditional Soxhlet liquidsolid extractor [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Liquid chromatography (LC) seemed to be the most suitable separation technique. But, the resolution power of a single liquid chromatographic method being insufficient, the complete analysis of AAEs required either coupling of liquid chromatography with an identification detection mode as mass spectrometry (MS) [4,5,7,[14][15][16][17] or combination of two complementary liquid chromatographic methods [2,[18][19][20][21]. This paper compares different analytical procedures to measure AAEs in wastewater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an analytical procedure for the measurement of nonionic aliphatic polyethoxylated surfactants in raw wastewater

1999

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Abstract. An analytical procedure has been developed for determining aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates (AAEs) in raw wastewater. AAEs were isolated by solid-phase extraction on a styrenedivinylbenzene disk. The maximum volume that was processed without plugging of the disk was 20 mL. Then AAEs were desorbed with methanol and, after evaporation to dryness, the residue was analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry via atmospheric pressure interface. Two desorption temperatures (ambient and 100 °C), two organic modifiers of the mobile phase (methanol and acetonitrile) and two atmospheric pressure interfaces (electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization) were tested. The lowest coefficients of variation for replicate measurements were obtained by desorbing AAEs from the extraction disk at 100°C and by using methanol-based mobile phase with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source for extract analysis. Under these conditions, all the analytes (ranging in size from 10 to 16 alkyl carbons and from 1 to 25 ethoxylate groups) were recovered at more than 70 % and the limit of quantification (signal-to-noise ratio = 10) ranged between 0.05 and 4 µg L -1 .

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Quantitative Determination of Linear Primary Alcohol Ethoxylate Surfactants in Environmental Samples by Thermospray LC/MS

Cited by 69 publications

References 13 publications

Quantitation of alcohol ethoxylate surfactants in environmental samples by electrospray mass spectrometry

Quantitation of alcohol ethoxylate surfactants in environmental samples by electrospray mass spectrometry

ASsessment Of Alcohol Ethoxylate Surfactants And Fatty Alcohols Mixtures In River Sediments And Prospective Risk Assessment

Development of an analytical procedure for the measurement of nonionic aliphatic polyethoxylated surfactants in raw wastewater

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