Quantitative data on carbon fractions in interpretation of black crusts and soiling on European built heritage

Bonazza, Alessandra; Sabbioni, C.; Ghedini, Nadia

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.01.040

Cited by 119 publications

(79 citation statements)

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“…can be considered to be rather exhaustively studied (Fitzner and Heinrichs 2002;Bonazza et al 2005;Siegesmund et al 2008;Toniolo et al 2009). On the other hand, several critical revisions concerning the conservation interventions have also been made (Maxwell 1992;MacDonald et al 1992;Moropoulou et al 2003) since the 1990s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate and their contribution to the formation of black crusts on building stone materials of Catania (Sicily)

2012

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Blackening and disaggregation of exposed surfaces of stone monuments are well-known effects of stone decay taking place in polluted urban environments all over the world. This paper aims to assess the contribution of natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate (TSP) causing permanent damage (black crusts) to the stone monuments of Catania (Sicily), one of the most popular ''cities of art'' of southern Italy. Atmospheric pollution of Catania, a typical Mediterranean coastal town, is mainly contributed by vehicle exhaust emissions rather than industrial ones. Episodically, the city also suffers gaseous and ash emissions (plumes) from the nearby Mount Etna volcano. Thus, to discriminate between natural and anthropogenic contributions to stone decay on Catania monuments, black crusts and TSP were sampled within the urban area and subjected to specific analytical procedures (optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry, ionic chromatography and dual inlet mass spectrometry). Mineralogical, chemical and isotopic characterization of black crusts and TSP provided new insights concerning the partition of sulfate sources in this particular urban context. The influence of Mount Etna emissions on both TSP and black crusts compositions was shown. Nevertheless, the key role of anthropogenic sources in the total sulfate budget was confirmed, while sea spray and volcanic emissions were found to make subordinate contributions. Quantitative data useful for the identification of the threshold pollution levels for preventive conservation of Catania monuments were obtained.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate and their contribution to the formation of black crusts on building stone materials of Catania (Sicily)

2012

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“…Some authors explain such forms as microorganism or guano, which is easily distinguished from black carbon by its high phosphorus content (Jeong et al 2003), but there is no evidence besides P content to prove it. Chlorides and phosphates were also detected in smaller and variable quantities in black crust on different urban buildings (Bonazza et al 2005). Those origins may explain local phenomena in some caves, but not the extensive colouration (Jeong et al 2003).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…According to Bonazza et al (2005) the quantification of carbon in black crusts represents a complex problem, as it is composed of different fractions. But for a rough confirmation of the existence of organic carbons (OCs) and black carbon (BC), heating of samples at 350, 700, and 1000 °C for 2 hours at each single heating step gives some information (Chang et al 2007).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of black coatings in Postojna cave system

Zupančič¹,

Šebela

Miler

2011

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IzvlečekUDK 551.442:549(497.471) Nina Zupančič, Stanka Šebela & Miloš Miler: Mineraloške in kemijske značilnosti črnih prevlek v Postojnskem jamskem sistemu Črne prevleke iz dveh nahajališč v Postojnskem jamskem siste mu so bile mineraloško in kemijsko analizirane. Naključni vzorci so bili pobrani iz vhodnih delov jame in iz Črne jame. Vzorce smo analizirali v polarizirani presevni svetlobi, z rentgen sko difrakcijsko metodo ter z vrstičnim elektronskim mikroskopom z energijsko disperzijskim spektrometrom rentgen skih žarkov (SEM/EDS). Mikroskopska preiskava zbruskov iz obeh lokacij je pokazala, da je glavna sestavina črnih prevlek karbonat -kalcit, s posameznimi večinoma zelo majhnimi neprozornimi črnimi zrni. Metoda rentgenske difrakcije iz obeh nahajališč je potrdila le prisotnost kalcita in v manjši meri kremena in dolomita, pri čemer je izločila prisotnost Mn in Fe oksidov ali apatitove skupine mineralov (gvano netopirjev) kot vzrok za črne prevleke. SEM/EDS analiza vzorcev iz vhodnih delov Postojnskega jamskega sistema je potrdila analizo rentgenske difrakcije, ki ni pokazala Mn oksidov. Visoka vsebnost C, merjenega v črnih prevlekah iz vhodnih delov jame, potrjuje organski C, ki se je odložil na jamske stene v obdobju eksplozije bencina med 2.svetovno vojno. Tudi črne prevleke iz Črne jame lahko pripišemo organskemu C, ki pa je zagotovo drugačen od tistega v vhodnih delih Postojnskega jamskega sistema. Ker iz Črne jame ni znanih dokazov o starih poselitvah, so bakle prvih turistov najverjetnejši vzrok za oglje. Na obeh lokacijah bi morda lahko črne prevleke vsaj deloma razlagali z mikroklimatskimi razmerami na vhodih v jamo, ki so povzročili odlaganje organskega materiala zunanjega izvora (npr. saje gozdnih požarov). Ključne besede: črne prevleke, mineralogija, kemija, Postojnski jamski sistem, Slovenija.1 Naravoslovnotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za geologijo, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: nina.zupancic@ntf.uni-lj.si Mineralogical and chemical analyses of black coatings from two sites in Postojna cave system were studied. Scattered samples were taken from the entrance parts of the cave and from Črna Jama. Thin sections, powder x-ray diffraction (xRD) technique and scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (SEM/EDS) were used. Microscopic investigation of thin sections of black coloured material from both locations revealed that the main material is carbonate -calcite, with evenly dispersed prevailingly minute opaque black grains. The xRD analysis on samples from both locations confirmed just a presence of calcite with minor quartz and dolomite, excluding Mn and Fe oxides or apatite-group minerals as reason for black colouring. The SEM/EDS analysis of samples from the entrance parts of Postojna cave system was consistent with xRD analysis, which did not show any Mn oxides. The high content of C measured in the black coatings from the cave entrance parts indicates organic C, which deposited on the cave walls at time of the petrol explosion during WW2. We...

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“…Carbonatic stone is particularly sensitive to surface sulfation and the development of black crust due to progressive particulate matter deposition (Winkler 1997;Bonazza et al 2005). Such physical and chemical decay is very harmful to building stone and detracts substantially from the aesthetic value of heritage buildings (Grossi and Brimblecombe 2008).…”

Section: Geomonumental Urban Route: Petrological and Decay Features Imentioning

confidence: 99%

An urban geomonumental route focusing on the petrological and decay features of traditional building stones used in Madrid, Spain

et al. 2013

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Abstract:The stone traditionally used to build cities contributes to their personality and attests to the geological substrate on which they stand. While stone decay in the built heritage can be attributed to a number of causes, anthropic activity has a particularly significant impact. The Geomonumental Routes project is one of the initiatives proposed in recent years for urban routes that convey geological fundamentals by observing the rocks present in heritage structures. Its innovative approach addresses traditional stone properties, original quarrying sites and mechanisms of decay.Madrid's Royal Palace is a fine example of the use of traditional building stone in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. In the geomonumental route proposed, the building doubles as an in situ laboratory that affords an overview of the main petrological properties of the two traditional stones most commonly used in the city's built heritage, the forms of decay they are subject and the factors underlying such alterations.This route aims to constitute a tool for showing the main petrological features and decay forms in the traditional building stones found on urban heritage façades, with a special focus on anthropic impact, primarily air pollution and the use of conservation treatments that time has proven to be unsuitable. AbstractThe stone traditionally used to build cities contributes to their personality and attests to the geological substrate on which they stand. While stone decay in the built heritage can be attributed to a number of causes, anthropic activity has a particularly significant impact. The Geomonumental Routes project is one of the initiatives proposed in recent years for urban routes that convey geological fundamentals by observing the rocks present in heritage structures. Its innovative approach addresses traditional stone properties, original quarrying sites and mechanisms of decay.Madrid's Royal Palace is a fine example of the use of traditional building stone in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. In the geomonumental route proposed, the building doubles as an in situ laboratory that affords an overview of the main petrological properties of the two traditional stones most commonly used in the city's built heritage, the forms of decay they are subject and the factors underlying such alterations.This route aims to constitute a tool for showing the main petrological features and decay forms in the traditional building stones found on urban heritage façades, with a special focus on anthropic impact, primarily air pollution and the use of conservation treatments that time has proven to be unsuitable.

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Quantitative data on carbon fractions in interpretation of black crusts and soiling on European built heritage

Cited by 119 publications

References 36 publications

Natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate and their contribution to the formation of black crusts on building stone materials of Catania (Sicily)

Natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate and their contribution to the formation of black crusts on building stone materials of Catania (Sicily)

Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of black coatings in Postojna cave system

An urban geomonumental route focusing on the petrological and decay features of traditional building stones used in Madrid, Spain

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