“…In addition, the workload is hefty, and the artificial factor has a significant effect on the results. With the development of technology, many image processing techniques have been used to study material damage, such as the digital image processing (DIP) technique [9,10], X-ray computed tomography [11], high speedcamera [12], ultrasonic imaging [13], scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [14], and magnetic resonance imaging [15,16]. Besides, the nondestructive testing methods are also introduced to assess degeneration of materials, which are the fundamental transverse frequencies [17]and acoustic emission [18,19].…”