Quantitative Comparative Neuroanatomy of Primates: An Attempt at a Phylogenetic Interpretation*

Stephan, Heinz; Andy, Orlando J.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20457.x

Cited by 136 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Clearly, the values are dissimilar. Values calculated using Stephan and Andy's [1969] basal insectivore standard would be even more deviant. One may reasonably ask what constitutes the 'proper' standard of comparison.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain-Body Size Relations in Grasshopper Mice

Mann

Towe²

2003

Brain Behav Evol

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Cranial volumes were measured on museum specimens of two species of grasshopper mice, Onychomys leucogaster brevicaudus and Onychomys torridus pulcher. These were compared with body weights and body lengths, as recorded on the museum tags. On average, females were heavier and slightly longer than males, but they had smaller cranial volumes by about 3%. Statistically, the differences were marginally significant (with no difference in body length for one species), but the pattern of differences was the same in both species, and therefore probably real. This casts suspicion on the common notion that a larger body size requires a larger brain. It also questions the real meaning of encephalization quotients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain-Body Size Relations in Grasshopper Mice

Mann

Towe²

2003

Brain Behav Evol

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“…According to authors such as Blumenthal (1987), the remarkable manual dexterity of the capuchins is testified by their successful training to be helpers of quadriplegic modern humans. Stephan and Andy (1969) and Stephan (1972) noted that, in comparison with other monkeys, and even with non-human hominoids, capuchin monkeys have remarkable neurological capacities. They computed the following indices of the CNS of Cebus: (1) encephalization index of 9.8 (human: 12; chimpanzee: 11.5; atelid monkeys: 9.5); (2) progression index of the neocortex: 55 (human: 156; chimpanzee 60; atelid monkeys: 48); (3) progression index of striatum: 14 (human: 18; chimpanzee: 7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Anatomical Study of the Forearm Extensor Muscles ofCebus libidinosus(Rylands et al., 2000; Primates, Cebidae), Modern Humans, and Other Primates, With Comments on Primate Evolution, Phylogeny, and Manipulatory Behavior

Aversi-Ferreira

Diogo

Potau

et al. 2010

The Anatomical Record

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Despite its abundance in Latin America, and its remarkable ability to use tools, there are only a few myological studies on the capuchin monkey, Cebus libidinosus. In the present study, we dissected the forearm extensor muscles of six adult males and two adult females of this species. We describe these muscles and compare them with those of other primates dissected by us and by other authors. The forearm extensor muscles of Cebus monkeys are, in general, more similar to those of other platyrrhines than to distantly related taxa that use tools, such as chimpanzees and modern humans, with three main exceptions: contrary to most other platyrrhines, (1) in Cebus, chimpanzees and modern humans the extensor pollicis longus usually inserts onto Digit I, and not onto Digits I and II; (2) in Cebus the abductor pollicis longus has two separate tendons, as is the case in chimpanzees, and in modern humans (where one of these tendons is associated with a distinct belly, forming the muscle extensor pollicis brevis); (3) in Cebus, and in modern humans and chimpanzees, the extensor pollicis longus is not deeply blended with the extensor indicis. Therefore, the Cebus monkeys provide an illustrative example of how phylogenetic constrains and ecological adaptations have been combined to develop a specific myological configuration that, associated with their sophisticated neurological organization, allow them to easily navigate in their arboreal habitats and, at the same time, to finely manipulate objects in order to search for food and to prepare this food for ingestion. Anat Rec, 293:2056Rec, 293: -2070

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“…An accentuated layer II consisting of densely packed, relatively large cells, many of which arc extraverted pyra midal cells, is found across the entire cerebral cortex of Microchiroptcran bats [Sanides, 1969[Sanides, , 1972Ferrer, 1987], 'basal' insectivores [Stephan and Andy, 1969], of which the hedgehog is an often studied example [Sanides. 1969[Sanides.…”

Section: The Organization O F Layer IImentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Types in the Mustached Bat Auditory Cortex

Fitzpatrick

Henson

1994

Brain Behav Evol

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Cells in the auditory cortex of the mustached bat were studied with Golgi stains. No cell types appeared to be unique to the mustached bat auditory cortex or to specialized functional areas, but the laminar proportions and distributions of cell types were somewhat different from that reported for primary sensory cortex of other species. Two major cell types were distinguished, those with dendritic spines and those without spines. Non-spiny neurons were concentrated deep in layer IH/TV and in layer V, and had three types of dendritic patterns, multipolar, bitufted and bipolar. Many of the non-spiny neurons were large; some nearly equaled the largest pyramidal neurons in size. Five types of spiny neurons were identified, pyramidal cells, extraverted pyramidal cells, 'spiny stellate-like' neurons, and multiform cells. In the narrow, densely packed, 'accentuated' layer II, slightly more than half of the spiny neurons were extraverted pyramidal cells, which are characterized by multiple, widely diverging apical dendrites. The high concentration of layer II extraverted pyramidal neurons is consistent with descriptions of the 'accentuated' layer II previously reported in other bat species and 'basal' insectivores. The remaining spiny neurons in layer II, and the preponderance of spiny neurons in layers III-VI, were typical pyramidal neurons that had single apical dendrites and tufts of basal dendrites. The thalamic recipient zone (deep layer III/IV) contained few candidates for spiny stellate cells, so a major constituent of the thalamic recipient zone in primary sensory cortex of many species is only a minor cellular component in the mustached bat auditory cortex.

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Quantitative Comparative Neuroanatomy of Primates: An Attempt at a Phylogenetic Interpretation*

Cited by 136 publications

References 6 publications

Brain-Body Size Relations in Grasshopper Mice

Brain-Body Size Relations in Grasshopper Mice

Comparative Anatomical Study of the Forearm Extensor Muscles ofCebus libidinosus(Rylands et al., 2000; Primates, Cebidae), Modern Humans, and Other Primates, With Comments on Primate Evolution, Phylogeny, and Manipulatory Behavior

Cell Types in the Mustached Bat Auditory Cortex

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