Quantitative Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Girls With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Castellanos, F. Xavier; Giedd, Jay N.; Berquin, Patrick; Walter, James M.; Sharp, Wendy; Tran, Thanhlan; Vaituzis, A. Catherine; Blumenthal, Jonathan D.; Nelson, Jean; Bastain, Tracy; Zijdenbos, Alex P.; Evans, Alan C.; Rapoport, Judith L.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.289

Cited by 377 publications

(240 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…Boys with ADHD have smaller cerebellum and vermis posterior inferior lobes (lobules VIII-X) compared to healthy controls (Berquin et al, 1998). Posterior inferior cerebellar vermis also is smaller in girls with ADHD compared to healthy controls (Castellanos et al, 2001). As 5 out of 16 subjects in the bipolar group had a comorbid diagnosis of ADHD, this could be a significant confounding variable for this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

MRI study of the cerebellum in young bipolar patients

Monkul

Hatch

Sassi

et al. 2008

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

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Prior studies demonstrate structural abnormalities of cerebellar vermis in adult bipolar patients. Cerebella of 16 young bipolar patients (mean age ± S.D. = 15.5 ± 3.4) and 21 healthy controls (mean age ± S.D. = 16.9 ± 3.8) were examined using magnetic resonance imaging. The volumes of right, left and total cerebellum, vermis, and areas of vermal regions V1 (lobules I-V), V2 (lobules VI-VII), and V3 (lobules VIII-X) were measured. Analysis of covariance, with age, gender, and intra-cranial brain volume as covariates, revealed no significant differences in cerebellum or vermis measures between patients and controls; however, there was a trend to smaller vermis V2 areas in patients (p=0.06). The number of previous affective episodes and vermis area V2 were inversely correlated (partial correlation coefficient = −0.97, P = 0.001) in the male bipolar patient group. Our results are preliminary, but consistent with the findings from studies in adult bipolar patients suggesting the involvement of structural changes in cerebellar vermis in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

MRI study of the cerebellum in young bipolar patients

Monkul

Hatch

Sassi

et al. 2008

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

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“…Fourth, no girls were tested because we wanted to minimize the differences between groups concerning factors other than diagnosis, though this limits the generalization of our findings to girls with ADHD and their non-affected sisters. It appears, though, that similar deficits in visuo-spatial working memory, inhibition and oculomotor control might be expected in girls with ADHD, since comparable brain abnormalities (Castellanos et al 2001), comparable patterns of familial transmission (Faraone et al 2000) and comparable deficits on a memory-guided saccade task (Castellanos et al 2000) have been observed in girls with ADHD compared to boys with ADHD. Furthermore, even though it has been observed that girls may suffer less from executive deficits than boys (Seidman Familial deficits in memory-guided saccades in ADHD et al 1997) which might also translate in less severe deficits on a memory-guided saccade task, gender differences for executive deficits are not a consistent finding (Seidman et al 2005).…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Deficits in visuo-spatial working memory, inhibition and oculomotor control in boys with ADHD and their non-affected brothers

et al. 2008

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Summary. Few studies have assessed visuo-spatial working memory and inhibition in attention-deficit=hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by recording saccades and consequently little additional knowledge has been gathered on oculomotor functioning in ADHD. Moreover, this is the first study to report the performance of non-affected siblings of children with ADHD, which may shed light on the familiality of deficits. A total of 14 boys with ADHD, 18 non-affected brothers, and 15 control boys aged 7-14 years, were administered a memory-guided saccade task with delays of three and seven seconds. Familial deficits were found in accuracy of visuospatial working memory, percentage of anticipatory saccades, and tendency to overshoot saccades relative to controls. These findings suggest memory-guided saccade deficits may relate to a familial predisposition for ADHD.

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“…Furthermore, functional imaging studies have indicated that autistic children have decreased cerebellar activations during a task that requires them to focus attention (73). In addition, cerebellar abnormalities observed with structural MR imaging have also been observed in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (74). Therefore, cerebellar abnormalities may not be specific to schizophrenia.…”

Section: Evidence For Cerebellar Abnormalities In Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Cerebellum in Schizophrenia

Andreasen

Pierson

2008

Biological Psychiatry

574

453

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For many years the cerebellum has been considered to serve as a coordinator of motor function. Likewise, for many years schizophrenia has been considered to be a disease that primarily affects the cerebrum. This review summarizes recent evidence that both these views must be revised in the light of emerging evidence about cerebellar function and the mechanisms of schizophrenia. Evidence indicating that the cerebellum plays a role in higher cortical functions is summarized. Evidence indicating that cerebellar abnormalities occur in schizophrenia is also reviewed. These suggest interesting directions for future research. Recent Evidence for the Role of the Cerebellum in CognitionThe tentorium was once the Maginot Line of the brain. Supratentorial regions governed "higher cortical functions," while the humble subtentorial cerebellum performed "lower" functions unrelated to cognition. Recent evidence has illustrated the possible falsity of this dichotomy and has led to a growing group of neuroscientists to reconceptualize the cerebellum as a key player in higher cognitive functions (2; 3; 7-15).One line of evidence for the importance of the cerebellum in cognition arises from evolutionary and developmental neurobiology. Two regions in the human brain are massively larger (by approximately 1/3) than in other higher primates who lack human capacities for complex language, high-level abstract concept formation, the creation of art in its many various forms, and social constructs such as government structure and economic principles. One region is obvious: the prefrontal cortex. The other would not be predicted by most: the cerebellum (16). Why did this convergent expansion occur? One likely explanation is that these two regions work together to perform the variety of "higher cognitive" tasks executed by the ingenious human brain.Anatomical support for the "cerebellar cognitive theory" has been provided by a group of careful tract-tracing studies (17-23). In particular, Strick's group has been applying retrograde and anterograde tract-mapping with herpes and rabies viruses for more than a © 2008 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Address correspondence to: Dr. Nancy C. Andreasen, The University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Room W278 GH, Iowa City, IA 52242-1057, Phone: 319-356-1553. Financial Disclosures: Dr. Andreasen is employed by The University of Iowa. This research was supported by NIH grants to her (5 R01 MH 04856 -20 and 5 R01 MH060990 -09). She has no other biomedical financial interests relevant to the subject matter of this review. Mr. Pierson is employed by the University of Iowa. His research contribution was also supported by NIH grants (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). He has no other biomedical financial interests relevant to the subject matter of this review.Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are pro...

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Quantitative Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Girls With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract: Background: Anatomic studies of boys with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have detected decreased volumes in total and frontal brain, basal ganglia, and cerebellar vermis. We tested these findings in a sample of girls with ADHD.

Cited by 377 publications

References 64 publications

MRI study of the cerebellum in young bipolar patients

MRI study of the cerebellum in young bipolar patients

Deficits in visuo-spatial working memory, inhibition and oculomotor control in boys with ADHD and their non-affected brothers

The Role of the Cerebellum in Schizophrenia

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