Quantitative assessment of pilot-endured workloads during helicopter flying emergencies: an analysis of physiological parameters during an autorotation

Abstract

The procedures to be performed after sudden engine failure of a single-engine helicopter impose high workload on pilots. The maneuver to regain aircraft control and safe landing is called autorotation. The safety limits to conduct this maneuver are based on the aircraft height versus speed diagram, which is also known as "Dead Man’s Curve”. Flight-test pilots often use subjective methods to assess the difficulty to conduct maneuvers in the vicinity of this curve. We carried out an extensive flight test campaign to verify the feasibility of establishing quantitative physiological parameters to better assess the workload endured by pilots undergoing those piloting conditions. Eleven pilots were fully instrumented with sensors and had their physiological reactions collected during autorotation maneuvers. Our analyses suggested that physiological measurements (heart rate and electrodermal activity) can be successfully recorded and useful to capture the most effort-demanding effects during the maneuvers. Additionally, the helicopter’s flight controls displacements were also recorded, as well as the pilots’ subjective responses evaluated by the Handling Qualities Rate scale. Our results revealed that the degree of cognitive workload was associated with the helicopter’s flight profile concerning the Height-Speed diagram and that the strain intensity showed a correlation with measurable physiological responses. Recording flight controls displacement and quantifying the pilot's subjective responses show themselves as natural effective candidates to evaluate the intensity of cognitive workload in such maneuvers.

Conceptual Models of Startle, Surprise and Automation Bias Analyzed Through Recent Aviation Accident Reports

“…The galvanic skin response results were significantly higher in the surprise condition and the medium heart rate measures were similar in both scenarios. Scarpari et al (2021) conducted an extensive flight test campaign to verify the feasibility of establishing quantitative physiological parameters to better assess the workload endured by pilots undergoing emergency situations. Eleven experienced helicopter pilots were submitted to simulated emergency situations in order to understand if the physiological responses of the pilots could be associated with the workload.…”

Alternative procedure to verify the H–V diagram after external installations on helicopters

“…The pilot workload, which can be physical, if related to the control activity, or cognitive, if related to the effort in maintaining the concentration, is usually given either in a narrative format or determined using objective methods (i.e., Cooper Harper [6] and Bedford [7]) Experimental research conducted to evaluate the pilot workload during emergency autorotation landings [8] have been partially successful in selecting specific objective parameters, which could be used for workload quantification during an autorotation landing in the proximity of the H-V curve. Nevertheless, these studies have outlined that some parts of the H-V diagram are more demanding in terms of control activity and, as a consequence, more critical in terms of the risks involved in flight testing.…”