“…The upswing in global development has led to industrial processes like mining, metal finishing, and battery manufacturing discharging pollutants into water bodies, raising environmental concerns. [178][179][180][181][182][183][184] Environmental heavy metal ion pollution emerges when metal ions, including lead, mercury, chromium, copper, cadmium, zinc, and arsenic, excessively contaminate air, water, and soil due to human activities. [185][186][187][188][189] This pollution poses risks to human health through the consumption of contaminated food and water, and it degrades soil fertility and water quality, impacting plant growth and agricultural yields.…”