Quantitative analysis of the performance impact of low-level carbon monoxide exposure in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Bender, Guido; Angelo, Michael; Bethune, Keith; Rocheleau, Richard

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.062

Cited by 40 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…However, choosing any new system BOP material (e.g., assembly aids, structural plastics, and hoses) without compromising function, fuel cell performance, or life requires understanding the effects of the contaminants that leach from these materials. The contaminants in a fuel cell system originate from the fuel, air, and the different component materials used in construction.Previous studies 1-28 have reported on the effect of contamination on PEMFCs by impurities found in the fuel, fuel-cell components, or the external environment such as carbon monoxide (CO), 8,9 26 It has been demonstrated that even trace amounts of impurities can severely poison the anode, membrane, and cathode, particularly at low-temperature operation.4 These contaminants impact PEMFC performance by hindering kinetics (e.g. CO and H 2 S) or reducing membrane conductivity (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies 1-28 have reported on the effect of contamination on PEMFCs by impurities found in the fuel, fuel-cell components, or the external environment such as carbon monoxide (CO), 8,9 26 It has been demonstrated that even trace amounts of impurities can severely poison the anode, membrane, and cathode, particularly at low-temperature operation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have reported on the effect of contamination on PEMFCs by impurities found in the fuel, fuel-cell components, or the external environment such as carbon monoxide (CO), 8,9 hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), 10,11 ammonia (NH 3 ), [12][13][14] nitrous oxides (NO x ), 15,16 sulfur oxides (SO x ), 17 cationic impurities, 18,19 and volatile organic compounds (toluene). 26 It has been demonstrated that even trace amounts of impurities can severely poison the anode, membrane, and cathode, particularly at low-temperature operation.…”

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Effect of System Contaminants on the Performance of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Mehrabadi

Dinh

Bender

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The performance loss and recovery of the fuel cell due to Balance of Plant (BOP) contaminants was identified via a combination of experimental data and a mathematical model. The experiments were designed to study the influence of organic contaminants (e.g. those from BOP materials) on the resistance of the catalyst, ionomer and membrane, and a mathematical model was developed that allowed us to separate these competing resistances from the data collected on an operating fuel cell. For this reason, based on the functional groups, four organic contaminants found in BOP materials, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGMEE), diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (DGMEA), benzyl alcohol (BzOH) and 2,6-diaminotoluene (2,6-DAT) were infused separately to the cathode side of the fuel cell. The cell voltage and high frequency impedance resistance was measured as a function of time. The contaminant feed was then discontinued and voltage recovery was measured. It was determined that compounds with ion exchange properties like 2,6-DAT can cause voltage loss with non-reversible recovery, so this compound was studied in more detail. The degree of voltage loss increased with an increase in concentration, and/or infusion time, and increased with a decrease in catalyst loadings. The major technical challenges for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in general are performance, reliability, durability and cost. There is an opportunity to reduce overall system cost by choosing lower cost balance of plant (BOP) materials for PEMFC systems. However, choosing any new system BOP material (e.g., assembly aids, structural plastics, and hoses) without compromising function, fuel cell performance, or life requires understanding the effects of the contaminants that leach from these materials. The contaminants in a fuel cell system originate from the fuel, air, and the different component materials used in construction.Previous studies 1-28 have reported on the effect of contamination on PEMFCs by impurities found in the fuel, fuel-cell components, or the external environment such as carbon monoxide (CO), 8,9 26 It has been demonstrated that even trace amounts of impurities can severely poison the anode, membrane, and cathode, particularly at low-temperature operation.4 These contaminants impact PEMFC performance by hindering kinetics (e.g. CO and H 2 S) or reducing membrane conductivity (e.g. NH 3 and metal cations). 8,18,19 Several models are available that capture kinetic [24][25][26] and ohmic overpotentials [18][19][20]27,28 during the contamination and recovery studies.Although there has been a lot of research on contamination caused by fuel and air side impurities, the effect of contamination originating from system components have only recently been briefly studied. 29-35These results showed that despite the contamination caused by fuel and air side impurities that can effect only the catalyst (e.g., CO) or the membrane (e.g. metal cations), organic contaminants (e.g., those from BOP materials) can have severe effect...

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Effect of System Contaminants on the Performance of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Mehrabadi

Dinh

Bender

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…17% [17], 50% [14,15,[18][19][20] or 70% [13,21], not corresponding to actual PEMFC systems that may operate on a wide range of fuel utilizations [4,22]. The effect of fuel utilization on CO poisoning has been studied numerically for CO concentrations ≥ 10 ppm [16,23] and CO concentrations in the range 1-5 ppm [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most representative studies on CO poisoning have been performed using single cells for which the excess exhaust gas is vented to atmosphere [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Nevertheless, the CO poisoning dynamics is expected to be different in actual automotive PEMFC systems where the fuel is delivered in dead end mode with recirculation [25][26][27][28][29] (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fuel utilization on the carbon monoxide poisoning dynamics of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Pérez

Koski

Ihonen

et al. 2014

Journal of Power Sources

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The effect of fuel utilization on the poisoning dynamics by carbon monoxide (CO) is studied for future automotive conditions of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC). Three fuel utilizations are used, 70%, 40% and 25%. CO is fed in a constant concentration mode of 1 ppm and in a constant molar flow rate mode (CO concentrations between 0.18 and 0.57 ppm). The concentrations are estimated on a dry gas basis. The CO concentration of the anode exhaust gas is analyzed using gas chromatography. CO is detected in the anode exhaust gas almost immediately after it is added to the inlet gas. Moreover, the CO concentration of the anode exhaust gas increases with the fuel utilization for both CO feed modes. It is demonstrated that the lower the fuel utilization, the higher the molar flow rate of CO at the anode outlet at early stages of the CO poisoning. These results suggest that the effect of CO in PEMFC systems with anode gas recirculation is determined by the dynamics of its accumulation in the recirculation loop. Consequently, accurate quantification of impurities limits in current fuel specification (ISO 14687-2:2012) should be determined using anode gas recirculation.

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Formic Acid Decomposition over ZnPd—Implications for Methanol Steam Reforming

2018

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Single‐phase ZnPd with different elemental composition as well as ZnO‐supported ZnPd nanoparticles were prepared and tested concerning their catalytic properties in the formic acid decomposition with the aim to investigate a possible formate pathway in the steam reforming of methanol (MSR). Pd‐rich ZnPd showed higher catalytic activity than ZnPd with lower Pd content. All samples showed high and stable CO2 selectivity. The stability of the materials was investigated both ex situ by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy after formic acid decomposition as well as by in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (in situ XPS) and operando differential thermal analysis–thermogravimetry (DTA/TG). Samples with higher Pd content exhibited higher stability against oxidation, corroborating earlier observations under MSR conditions. The supported ZnPd/ZnO material and Zn‐rich bulk ZnPd samples showed a strong modification after reaction, which is attributed to zinc formate formation during formic acid decomposition. Kinetic data give strong indications to exclude dehydrogenation of a formate intermediate as rate‐limiting step in MSR.

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Quantitative analysis of the performance impact of low-level carbon monoxide exposure in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Cited by 40 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of System Contaminants on the Performance of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Effect of System Contaminants on the Performance of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Effect of fuel utilization on the carbon monoxide poisoning dynamics of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Formic Acid Decomposition over ZnPd—Implications for Methanol Steam Reforming

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