Quantitative analysis of the distribution and mixing of cellulose nanocrystals in thermoplastic composites using Raman chemical imaging

Lewandowska, Anna E.; Inai, Nor H.; Ghita, Oana; Eichhorn, Stephen J.

doi:10.1039/c8ra06674d

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Selected References Fracture of the cellulose-based reinforcement Summerscales et al 2010;Alavi et al 2013;Fonseca-Valero et al 2015;He et al 2016 Debonding between the matrix & reinforcement Alavi et al 2013;He et al 2016;Mu et al 2018;Simao et al 2019 Debonding within agglomerates of cellulosebased reinforcements Ismail & Shafiq 2016;Lewandowska et al 2018;DiLoreto et al 2019 Large increases in strength when using compatibilizing agents George et al 2001;Fu et al 2008;Farsi 2012;Alavi et al 2013;Durmus et al 2019 The quality of bonding between a cellulosic surface and a plastic matrix material tends to be of critical importance. Gaugler et al (2019) recently showed that such bonds can be evaluated quickly and precisely by preparing sandwich-type composites.…”

Section: Type Of Mechanistic Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

From nanocellulose to wood particles: A review of particle size vs. the properties of plastic composites reinforced with cellulose-based entities

Hubbe¹,

Grigsby²

2020

BioRes

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This review article considers published evidence regarding effects of particle size on mechanical properties of plastic matrix materials filled with cellulose-based reinforcements. Cellulosic or wood-based reinforcements in plastic matrices can contribute to higher modulus, lower density, and less tendency to sag in comparison with the matrix phase by itself, while still allowing the resulting material to be cut or milled. Although cellulosic materials are generally too hydrophilic to adhere well to common thermoplastic materials such as polyethylene, such deficiencies can be overcome by use of compatibilizers, e.g. polyethylene-maleic anhydride. Recently many researchers have evaluated nanocellulose in plastic composites. The higher surface areas of nanocellulose generally imply a higher cost of compatibilizer to achieve good interfacial adhesion. This review first examines results of a large number of studies all involving highdensity polyethylene as the matrix. Then, to get a more detailed mechanistic view, studies are considered that compare different particle sizes of cellulose-based reinforcements within the same conditions of preparation of composites prepared with various matrix polymers. To summarize the findings, there does not appear to be any consistent and dependable advantage of using nano-sized cellulosic reinforcements when trying to achieve higher values of composite strength or modulus.

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Section: Type Of Mechanistic Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

From nanocellulose to wood particles: A review of particle size vs. the properties of plastic composites reinforced with cellulose-based entities

Hubbe¹,

Grigsby²

2020

BioRes

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“…Confocal Raman microscopy is being increasing applied to study composites of CNs [31,32,33,34,35,36]. Typically, the nanocomposites consist of thermoplastics and CNs.…”

Section: Cellulose Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such analysis showed that CNCs were aggregated to varying degrees in the composites and remained poorly dispersed in the polypropylene matrix. A recent study was performed to evaluate quantitatively distribution of CNCs in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites [33]. The Composites were prepared using maleic anhydride modified polyethylene (MAPE) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a compatibilizer.…”

Section: Cellulose Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Cellulose and Lignocellulose Materials by Raman Spectroscopy: A Review of the Current Status

Agarwal

2019

Molecules

120

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This review is a summary of the Raman spectroscopy applications made over the last 10 years in the field of cellulose and lignocellulose materials. This paper functions as a status report on the kinds of information that can be generated by applying Raman spectroscopy. The information in the review is taken from the published papers and author’s own research—most of which is in print. Although, at the molecular level, focus of the investigations has been on cellulose and lignin, hemicelluloses have also received some attention. The progress over the last decade in applying Raman spectroscopy is a direct consequence of the technical advances in the field of Raman spectroscopy, in particular, the application of new Raman techniques (e.g., Raman imaging and coherent anti-Stokes Raman or CARS), novel ways of spectral analysis, and quantum chemical calculations. On the basis of this analysis, it is clear that Raman spectroscopy continues to play an important role in the field of cellulose and lignocellulose research across a wide range of areas and applications, and thereby provides useful information at the molecular level.

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“…The matrix spectrum clearly consists of both the polymer and CNC spectra, and can be discerned at a glance. The presence of this dispersed material is more difficult to establish using the other techniques—Raman microscopy requires deconvolution of the two spectra from one another and a weak CNC signal may not be detected (Agarwal et al, 2012; Lewandowska & Eichhorn, 2016; Lewandowska et al, 2018). However, background noise from the polymer, which risks the generation of false-positive results, makes it difficult to confidently identify aggregates that are less than 11 µ m 2 in area, equivalent to ten pixels, with the objective used.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although Nigmatullin et al had success in distinguishing cellulose nanocrystals, CNCs, from starch using adhesion mapping (Nigmatullin et al, 2018), the observable volume is limited to around 150 × 150 × 15 µ m 3 . Chemical mapping using confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) is a well-established technique (Stewart et al, 2012) that has been successfully applied by Agarwal et al to distinguish between CNCs and polypropylene, mapping the density of CNCs in areas up to 100 × 100 µ m 2 (Agarwal et al, 2012) and Lewandowska et al have mapped areas containing CNCs and polyethylene up to 200 × 200 µ m 2 (Lewandowska & Eichhorn, 2016; Lewandowska et al, 2018). However, the observable area is still limited, and the process is time consuming, often requiring more than half a day to acquire and analyze each image.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Determination of the Distribution of Cellulose Nanomaterial Aggregates in Composites Enabled by Multi-Channel Spectral Confocal Microscopy

2019

Self Cite

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There is increased interest in the use of cellulose nanomaterials for the mechanical reinforcement of composites due to their high stiffness and strength. However, challenges remain in accurately determining their distribution within composite microstructures. We report the use of a range of techniques used to image aggregates of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) greater than 10 µm2 within a model thermoplastic polymer. While Raman imaging accurately determines CNC aggregate size, it requires extended periods of analysis and the limited observable area results in poor reproducibility. In contrast, staining the CNCs with a fluorophore enables rapid acquisition with high reproducibility, but overestimates the aggregate size as CNC content increases. Multi-channel spectral confocal laser scanning microscopy is presented as an alternative technique that combines the accuracy of Raman imaging with the speed and reproducibility of conventional confocal laser scanning microscopy, enabling the rapid determination of CNC aggregate distribution within composites.

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Quantitative analysis of the distribution and mixing of cellulose nanocrystals in thermoplastic composites using Raman chemical imaging

Abstract: Raman chemical imaging is presented to both quantify the dispersion and the degree of mixing in a cellulose nanocrystal composite.

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

From nanocellulose to wood particles: A review of particle size vs. the properties of plastic composites reinforced with cellulose-based entities

From nanocellulose to wood particles: A review of particle size vs. the properties of plastic composites reinforced with cellulose-based entities

Analysis of Cellulose and Lignocellulose Materials by Raman Spectroscopy: A Review of the Current Status

Rapid Determination of the Distribution of Cellulose Nanomaterial Aggregates in Composites Enabled by Multi-Channel Spectral Confocal Microscopy

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