Quantitative analysis of healthy olfactory sulcus depth, olfactory tract length and olfactory bulb volume in the paediatric population: a magnetic resonance study

Şahin, Şükrü; Baykan, Ali Haydar; Altunışık, Erman; Vural, Çiğdem; Şahin, Filiz; Inan, İbrahim

doi:10.5603/fm.a2020.0125

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The volume of the olfactory bulbs and the depth of the olfactory sulcus are readily obtained from MRI imaging and can be used as a neuroanatomical comparative tool to assess the structure of the olfactory system in patients [ 18 , 19 ]. Olfactory bulb volumes and olfactory sulcus depth values [ 8 , 20 ] vary by patient population, MRI protocol, and measurement/calculation method but are typically on the order of 30-90 mm3 for olfactory bulb volumes and 5-10 mm for olfactory sulcus depth, similar to the average values noted in the patient population in this study. Isolated olfactory nerve agenesis is rare, as in a case report in a 12-year-old girl by Carswell et al [ 21 ], noting a patient with congenital complete absence of the olfactory nerves.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Olfactory Radioanatomical Findings in Patients With Cardiac Arrhythmias, COVID-19, and Healthy Controls

Gore¹

2022

Cureus

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Background Clinical hyposmia and anosmia are commonly seen, most frequently with either post-inflammatory, age-related, or idiopathic causes being most frequent. Actual anatomical abnormalities of the olfactory groove or olfactory bulb are far less common. A recent case report showing a possible link between congenital olfactory bulb agenesis and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome suggested that there may be a relationship between cardiac arrhythmia and olfactory bulb development. While Kallmann syndrome (KS) is the classic syndrome involving olfactory bulb agenesis and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, this case report and a prior report noting isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome suggest there may be more rare associations between cardiac arrhythmia and olfactory groove abnormalities. Methods A retrospective study was conducted to attempt to elucidate whether there may be a link between cardiac arrhythmias and olfactory anatomical abnormalities. The olfactory bulb volume (OBV) and olfactory sulcus depth (OSD) of 44 patients with cardiac arrhythmias were compared to 43 healthy control patients. Additionally, 11 patients with acute COVID-19 were also compared in those groups. Patients were seen between September and December 2020. Available MRI images were utilized. Results The average right and left olfactory bulb volume was 29.42±18.17 mm 3 and 25.67±15.29 mm 3 for patients with cardiac arrhythmia, 40.79±30.65 mm 3 and 38.95±21.87mm 3 for healthy controls, and 21.30±15.23 mm 3 and 17.75±9.63 mm 3 for COVID-19 patients. The average right and left olfactory sulcus depth was 7.68±1.31 mm and 7.47±1.56 mm for patients with cardiac arrhythmia, 10.67±1.53 mm and 10.62±1.67 mm for controls, and 7.91±0.99 mm and 8.02±0.88 mm for COVID-19 patients. The right and left olfactory bulb volume difference versus controls was significant for cardiac arrhythmia patients (p=0.028 and p=0.0038) and for COVID-19 patients (p=0.047 and p=0.0029), and the right and left olfactory sulcus depth difference versus controls was significant for cardiac arrhythmia patients (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001) and for COVID-19 patients (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001). Both COVID-19 and cardiac arrhythmia patients were, on average, significantly older than controls. On multivariate analysis, cardiac arrhythmia or COVID-19 diagnosis did not significantly correlate with smaller olfactory bulb volume, but older age, cardiac arrhythmia diagnosis, and COVID-19 diagnosis did significantly correlate with smaller olfactory sulcus depth. On multivariate analysis, older age was significantly correlated with cardiac arrhythmia diagnosis and COVID-19 diagnosis. Conclusions Olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth in both cardiac arrhythmia and COVID-19 patients appeared significantly smaller than in controls. Cardiac...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Olfactory Radioanatomical Findings in Patients With Cardiac Arrhythmias, COVID-19, and Healthy Controls

Gore¹

2022

Cureus

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“…18 Many later studies have shown MR imaging to be a reliable method for evaluating the olfactory system. 19,20 MR imaging-based evaluations of the olfactory structures are a useful anatomic imaging method for evaluating OD associated with a variety of causes, including viral infection, trauma, and neurodegenerative processes. 21 MR imaging can be used to discriminate among the various etiologies that can cause OD, such as sinonasal and neurodegenerative diseases, and can predict OD prognosis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantitative Analysis of the Olfactory System in COVID-19: An MR Imaging Study

Altunışık¹,

Baykan

Şahin

et al. 2021

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Anosmia or hyposmia, often accompanied by changes in taste, is recognized as a common symptom that can assist in the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 . The pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19is not yet fully understood. MR imaging represents a useful anatomic imaging method for the evaluation of olfactory dysfunction associated with varying etiologies, including viral infection, trauma, and neurodegenerative processes. This case-control study was conducted to compare quantitative measurements of olfactory anatomic structures between patients diagnosed with COVID-19 associated with persistent olfactory dysfunction and healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This study has a retrospective design. Cranial MR imaging was performed on all participants in both the patient and control groups. The bilateral olfactory bulb volume, olfactory tract length, and olfactory sulcus depth were measured in all patients.RESULTS: A total of 116 people aged 18-60 years, including 36 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and 80 controls, were included in the study. All measured values were compared between the patient and control groups. The right, left, and total olfactory bulb volume values were significantly lower in the patient group than in the control group. The patient group also had significantly lower right and left olfactory sulcus depth and olfactory tract length values compared with those in the control group.CONCLUSIONS: MR imaging findings can be used to demonstrate olfactory injury in patients with COVID-19. The olfactory pathway may represent an alternative route for virus entry into the central nervous system.

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“…In the same study, the cut-off value of OBV was determined as 40 mm 3 for adults without smell dysfunction (7). In the only pediatric study quantitative measurements of OBV, OTL, and OSD were made in healthy children, and these values were observed to increase with age without gender difference (11). OBV decreased in post-traumatic and post-infectious olfactory disorders, congenital anosmia, and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson, Alzheimer, and Behçet diseases) (5,7,(12)(13)(14)(15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative analysis of the olfactory system in pediatric epilepsy: a magnetic resonance imaging study

Baykan¹,

Aydın²,

Şahin³

et al. 2023

Diagn Interv Radiol

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This is a PDF file of a peer-reviewed, preliminarily formatted and unedited paper that has been accepted for publication in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. Copyediting of the text and figures and proof review of the the paper will be finished before the paper is published in its final form. Please note that errors may be discovered which could affect the content of the paper during the production process. All legal disclaimers apply.u n c o r r e c t e d p r o o f ABSTRACT PURPOSE: Olfactory dysfunction is a well-known complication in epilepsy. It has been shown that olfactory bulb volume (OBV), olfactory tract length (OTL), and olfactory sulcus depth (OSD) can be reliably evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we compared the OBV, OTL, and OSD values of children with epilepsy and those of healthy children (controls) of similar age. Our aim was to determine the presence of olfactory dysfunction in children with epilepsy and show the effects of the epilepsy type and treatment on olfactory function in these patients. METHODS:The cranial MRI images of 36 epilepsy patients and 108 controls (3-17 years old) were evaluated. Epilepsy patients were divided into groups according to the type of disease and treatment method. OBV and OSD were measured from the coronal section, and OTL from the sagittal section. The OBV, OTL, and OSD values were compared among the epilepsy group and subgroups and controls. RESULTS: OBV was significantly reduced in the children with epilepsy, compared to the control group (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between the healthy children and those with epilepsy in terms of OTL and OSD. While OBV was moderate positively correlated with age in the control group (r = 0.561, p < 0.001), it was poorly correlated with age in children with epilepsy (r = 0.393, p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS:The results of our study indicate that OBV decreases in children with epilepsy, but epilepsy type and treatment method do not affect OBV, OTL, and OSD (p>0.05).

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Quantitative analysis of healthy olfactory sulcus depth, olfactory tract length and olfactory bulb volume in the paediatric population: a magnetic resonance study

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

Olfactory Radioanatomical Findings in Patients With Cardiac Arrhythmias, COVID-19, and Healthy Controls

Olfactory Radioanatomical Findings in Patients With Cardiac Arrhythmias, COVID-19, and Healthy Controls

Quantitative Analysis of the Olfactory System in COVID-19: An MR Imaging Study

Quantitative analysis of the olfactory system in pediatric epilepsy: a magnetic resonance imaging study

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