Quantitative Analysis of Blended Asian Lacquers Using ToF–SIMS, Py–GC/MS and HPLC

Yu, Hye Hyun; Lim, Jung-Ah; Ham, Seung Wook; Lee, Kang-Bong; Lee, Yeonhee

doi:10.3390/polym13010097

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The mixed lacquer sap was blended with turpentine oil with a volumetric ratio of 1:1 and coated on the Si wafer with a blade with approximately 10 µm thickness. The samples were then dried in a humidity-controlled chamber with 80% relative humidity at 22 • C for 2 h. The film-type samples were analyzed using positive and negative mode ToF-SIMS 5 (ION-TOF GmbH, Münster, Germany) with a base pressure of 4.0 × 10 −8 Pa [23]. The source was a pulsed 30 keV Bi 3 + beam, and the target current was maintained at 0.3 pA. A cycle time of 150 µs was used for the mass range of m/z 0-1870 and ion doses lower than 10 13 ions/cm 2 , which is the static SIMS limit.…”

Section: Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

HPLC and ToF‒SIMS Analyses of Toxicodendron vernicifluum Tree Sap Mixed with Other Natural Lacquers

Ham

Lee

2021

Molecules

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Lacquer sap has been used by humans from antiquitywhen it was treated as a luxury item because of its desirable physical properties. In modern times, although access barriers are lower, lacquer is still considered to be rare and valuable. Thus, low quality, inexpensive Vietnamese and Myanmarese lacquers and cashew nutshell liquid are frequently added to the costly Toxicodendron vernicifluum lacquer sap from Korea, China, and Japan. However, these blended lacquers can diminish the quality of artisan works. The Toxicodendron vernicifluum lacquer saps mixed with other natural lacquers were characterized using time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF−SIMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). ToF-SIMS provided the chemical structure of the lacquer monomer, copolymerized dimers, trimers, etc. HPLC provided quantitative analysis of the components of a randomly mixed lacquer. These techniques can be used to control the quality of commercial lacquer sap for the Asian lacquer industry and the traditional conservation of ancient objects.

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Section: Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

HPLC and ToF‒SIMS Analyses of Toxicodendron vernicifluum Tree Sap Mixed with Other Natural Lacquers

Ham

Lee

2021

Molecules

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“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt in the specific study of commercial alkyd paintings. Although some authors reported many problems in quantitation due to the pyrolytic procedure and pathways [32], or differences in the thicknesses of the samples taken from the paint surface [9], in the literature, there are also several studies on polymeric cultural heritage and industrial material where Py-GC/MS data is considered quantitatively [33][34][35]. To overcome reproducibility problems, the present study paid particular attention: (i) during the preparation of the samples to the thickness of the painted films (150 µm for all paint layers); (ii) during the sampling of the samples, to their weight, and (iii) during reaction with TMAH to the methylation efficiency.…”

Section: Thermally Assisted Hydrolysis and Methylation (Thm)-single S...mentioning

confidence: 99%

How Can Ozone and Relative Humidity Affect Artists’ Alkyd Paints? A FT-IR and Py-GC/MS Systematic Study

2022

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Knowledge of the chemical–physical reactions that determine the main degradation behaviour of artists’ alkyd paints represents one of the main problems within the museum exhibitions. The collection and interpretation of these data on degradation phenomena, especially after ozone exposure at different relative humidity values, can be useful for their conservation needs. Therefore, a systematic investigation of these materials may help achieve this goal. Firstly, surface-level identification of the main functional groups of ad hoc created and aged alkyd paints was performed using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Subsequently, these paints were investigated by pyrolysis–gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS), allowing for precise bulk identification of the organic compounds before and after accelerated ageing. A first successful attempt to provide quantitative Py–GC/MS data on alkyd-based paints is here presented and discussed. Comparing the results, it was possible to obtain new insights into the degradation behaviour of alkyd paints when exposed to ozone, allowing us to devise specific preventive and conservation strategies for these artistic materials.

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“…The hardened lacquer film is glossy, highly durable, chemical- and moisture-resistant, and insect repellent because of its complex molecular composition and limited solubility [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Previous studies have used various techniques to analyze lacquer sap and lacquered cultural heritage artifacts, such as pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) [ 18 , 19 , 20 ], surface analysis using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) [ 21 , 22 ], and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) [ 23 , 24 ] to understand the structural properties and composition of lacquer. However, few quantitative studies of mixed lacquer have been performed [ 20 , 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have used various techniques to analyze lacquer sap and lacquered cultural heritage artifacts, such as pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) [ 18 , 19 , 20 ], surface analysis using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) [ 21 , 22 ], and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) [ 23 , 24 ] to understand the structural properties and composition of lacquer. However, few quantitative studies of mixed lacquer have been performed [ 20 , 25 ]. In our previous study, the chemical structures of Korean, Chinese, and Vietnamese lacquer films and CNSL films were characterized using ToF-SIMS for the first time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Detection of Thitsiol and Urushiol as Markers from the Gluta usitata Lacquer Tree Using HPLC

Lee,

Lee

et al. 2023

Molecules

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Lacquer sap has been traditionally used in coatings and artwork. Suitable types of lacquer are required to preserve and restore artifacts. Recently, unsuitable cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) has often been mixed with lacquer sap, so it is necessary to identify the characteristics of lacquer sap by the production area. However, research is still focused on urushiol and laccol. In this study, Myanmarese lacquer sap collected from Gluta usitata, which contains thitsiol as the main component, was analyzed by HPLC to quantify thitsiol using the standards 3-(10-phenyldecyl) benzene-1,2-diol (thitsiol 16) and 3-(8Z,11Z-pentadecadienyl)-benzenediol (urushiol 15:2) as markers, and calibration curves were plotted. The coefficients of determination (R2) for thitsiol 16 and urushiol 15:2 were 0.9985 and 0.9983, respectively. In addition, a blind test was conducted to confirm that accurate quantitative analysis was possible even when Myanmarese lacquer was mixed with lacquer from another production area, which contained urushiol as the main component, and CNSL, which contained cardol, a completely different catechol. Quantitative analysis of thitsiol 16 and urushiol 15:2 in Myanmarese lacquer using HPLC can be used to evaluate the quality of lacquer sap and for more sophisticated activities such as restoration by classifying differences in lacquer sap by the production area.

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Quantitative Analysis of Blended Asian Lacquers Using ToF–SIMS, Py–GC/MS and HPLC

Cited by 9 publications

References 33 publications

HPLC and ToF‒SIMS Analyses of Toxicodendron vernicifluum Tree Sap Mixed with Other Natural Lacquers

HPLC and ToF‒SIMS Analyses of Toxicodendron vernicifluum Tree Sap Mixed with Other Natural Lacquers

How Can Ozone and Relative Humidity Affect Artists’ Alkyd Paints? A FT-IR and Py-GC/MS Systematic Study

Quantitative Detection of Thitsiol and Urushiol as Markers from the Gluta usitata Lacquer Tree Using HPLC

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