Quantitative analysis of Anaplasma marginale acquisition and transmission by Dermacentor andersoni fed in vitro

Vimonish, Rubikah; Johnson, Wendell C.; Mousel, Michelle R.; Brayton, Kelly A.; Scoles, Glen A.; Noh, Susan M.; Ueti, Massaro W.

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57390-y

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…We demonstrated that artificial feeding is a suitable method for infecting ticks and could be utilized in various experimental studies that involve tick–pathogen interactions and pathogen transmissibility by ticks. Infection of hard ticks by artificial feeding was reported by other authors as well, emphasizing the efficiency of this method to successfully infect ticks with pathogens of viral, bacterial and parasitic origin [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. This might also be a possible explanation for the different results between our study and that done by Lawrie et al (2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Transstadial Transmission and Replication Kinetics of West Nile Virus Lineage 1 in Laboratory Reared Ixodes ricinus Ticks

et al. 2020

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West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne agent that has also been isolated from several tick species. Vector competence of Ixodes ricinus, one of the most common tick species in Europe, has been poorly investigated for WNV to date. As such, to evaluate the vector competence, laboratory reared Ixodes ricinus nymphs were in vitro fed with WNV lineage 1 infectious blood, allowed to molt, and the resulting females artificially fed to study the virus transmission. Furthermore, we studied the kinetics of WNV replication in ticks after infecting nymphs using an automatic injector. Active replication of WNV was detected in injected nymphs from day 7 post-infection until 28 dpi. In the nymphs infected by artificial feeding, the transstadial transmission of WNV was confirmed molecularly in 46.7% of males, while virus transmission during in vitro feeding of I. ricinus females originating from infected nymphs was not registered. The long persistence of WNV in I. ricinus ticks did not correlate with the transmission of the virus and it is unlikely that I. ricinus represents a competent vector. However, there is a potential reservoir role that this tick species can play, with hosts potentially acquiring the viral agent after ingesting the infected ticks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Transstadial Transmission and Replication Kinetics of West Nile Virus Lineage 1 in Laboratory Reared Ixodes ricinus Ticks

et al. 2020

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“…The observation of increased clock transcripts and reduced jak and pelle transcripts during transmission of A. phagocytophilum suggests responses from both vector and pathogen. The replication rate for A. marginale was noted to be significantly increased in ticks during this bacterial transmission from Dermacentor andersoni [ 59 ]. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that during transmission of A. phagocytophilum from I. scapularis to the murine host, ticks increase clock transcripts as a host response to activate jak and pelle expression, eventually to limit bacterial multiplication ( Figure 8 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rickettsial Pathogen Perturbs Tick Circadian Gene to Infect the Vertebrate Host

Khanal

Taank

Anderson

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Ixodes scapularis is a medically important tick that transmits several microbes to humans, including rickettsial pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum. In nature, these ticks encounter several abiotic factors including changes in temperature, humidity, and light. Many organisms use endogenously generated circadian pathways to encounter abiotic factors. In this study, we provide evidence for the first time to show that A. phagocytophilum modulates the arthropod circadian gene for its transmission to the vertebrate host. We noted a circadian oscillation in the expression of arthropod clock, bmal1, period and timeless genes when ticks or tick cells were exposed to alternate 12 h light: 12 h dark conditions. Moreover, A. phagocytophilum significantly modulates the oscillation pattern of expression of these genes. In addition, increased levels of clock and bmal1 and decreased expression of Toll and JAK/STAT pathway immune genes such as pelle and jak, respectively, were noted during A. phagocytophilum transmission from ticks to the vertebrate host. RNAi-mediated knockdown of clock gene expression in ticks resulted in the reduced expression of jak and pelle that increased bacterial transmission from ticks to the murine host. Furthermore, clock-deficient ticks fed late and had less engorgement weights. These results indicate an important role for circadian modulation of tick gene expression that is critical for arthropod blood feeding and transmission of pathogens from vector to the vertebrate host.

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“…Fifty R. appendiculatus adults (25 males and 25 females) infected with T. parva were applied to the silicone membrane of the in vitro tick feeding system as described previously [ 23 ]. The ticks were allowed to feed initially on uninfected bovine blood at a packed cell volume of 10% containing 1× antibiotic/antimycotic solution (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of infectious Theileria parva sporozoites secreted by infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks into an in vitro tick feeding system

et al. 2021

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Background Vector-borne diseases pose an increasing threat to global food security. Vaccines, diagnostic tests, and therapeutics are urgently needed for tick-borne diseases that affect livestock. However, the inability to obtain significant quantities of pathogen stages derived from ticks has hindered research. In vitro methods to isolate pathogens from infected tick vectors are paramount to advance transcriptomic, proteomic, and biochemical characterizations of tick-borne pathogens. Methods Nymphs of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus were infected with Theileria parva by feeding on a calf during an acute infection. Isolation of sporozoites was accomplished by feeding infected adult ticks on an in vitro tick feeding system. Sporozoite viability was tested using in vitro bovine lymphocytes. Results We isolated infectious T. parva sporozoites secreted into an in vitro tick feeding system. Infected adult R. appendiculatus ticks attached to and successfully fed on silicone membranes in the in vitro tick feeding system. Bovine blood in the receptacle was replaced with cell-free medium and the ticks were allowed to feed for 3 h to collect secreted T. parva sporozoites. Secreted sporozoites infected in vitro bovine lymphocytes, demonstrating that isolated sporozoites remained viable and infectious. Conclusions This work is the first to report the isolation of mature infectious T. parva sporozoites using an in vitro tick feeding system, which represents a significant step towards the development of a more efficient control strategy for T. parva. Isolation of infectious tick-stage parasites will facilitate the examination of the vector-pathogen interface, thereby accelerating the development of next-generation vaccines and treatment interventions for tick-borne pathogens. Graphical Abstract

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Quantitative analysis of Anaplasma marginale acquisition and transmission by Dermacentor andersoni fed in vitro

Cited by 14 publications

References 37 publications

Transstadial Transmission and Replication Kinetics of West Nile Virus Lineage 1 in Laboratory Reared Ixodes ricinus Ticks

Transstadial Transmission and Replication Kinetics of West Nile Virus Lineage 1 in Laboratory Reared Ixodes ricinus Ticks

Rickettsial Pathogen Perturbs Tick Circadian Gene to Infect the Vertebrate Host

Isolation of infectious Theileria parva sporozoites secreted by infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks into an in vitro tick feeding system

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