Quantitative analysis of ammonia on the breath of patients in end-stage renal failure

Davies, Simon; Španěl, Patrik; Smith, David

doi:10.1038/ki.1997.324

Cited by 341 publications

(318 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Instruments based on chemical ionisation can detect breath ammonia as low as 10 ppb, but due to complexity are still in the development of a more portable version [8]. Gas chromatography is capable of quantifying breath ammonia at levels of 14 ppt, but the need to pre-collect the samples removes the possibility for real-time analysis [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath ammonia levels in a normal human population study as determined by photoacoustic laser spectroscopy

Hibbard¹,

Killard²

2011

J. Breath Res.

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Photoacoustic laser spectroscopy was used as a technique to measure real-time levels of ammonia in exhaled human breath in a small, locally recruited, normal healthy population (n = 30). This yielded an average level of breath ammonia of 265 ppb, ranging from 29 to 688 ppb. Although average levels were marginally higher in male volunteers, this was not statistically significant. In addition, no correlation could be found between age, body mass index, or breath carbon dioxide levels. Monitoring of the daily routine of two individuals showed a consistent decrease in oral breath ammonia concentrations by the early afternoon (post-prandial), but was followed by a gradual increase towards late afternoon. However, in a comparison of oral and nasal breath in two volunteers, nasal breath ammonia levels were found to be significantly lower than oral levels. In addition, the daily variation was only seen in oral rather than nasal measurements which may indicate that significant background levels are predominantly of oral origin and that nasal sampling is the preferred route to eradicate this background in future studies. These results provide a healthy human breath ammonia baseline upon which other studies may be compared.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath ammonia levels in a normal human population study as determined by photoacoustic laser spectroscopy

Hibbard¹,

Killard²

2011

J. Breath Res.

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“…Paradigmatic examples are the 13 C-urea breath test for detection of Helicobacter pylori (4,5) and the hydrogen-based breath test for carbohydrate malabsorption (6). Promising investigations included critically ill persons (7,8), patients suffering from renal and liver diseases (9)(10)(11)(12)(13), and cancer patients (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Typical compounds in exhaled breath comprised hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, amides, sulfides, and ethers (21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TD-GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Metabolites of Human Lung Cancer and Normal Cells In vitro

Filipiak

Sponring²,

Filipiak³

et al. 2010

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

200

204

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The aim of this study was to confirm the existence of volatile organic compounds (VOC) specifically released or consumed by the lung cancer cell line A549, which could be used in future screens as biomarkers for the early detection of lung cancer. For comparison, primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEpC) and human fibroblasts (hFB) were included. VOCs were detected in the headspace of cell cultures or medium controls following adsorption on solid sorbents, thermodesorption, and analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Using this approach, we identified VOCs that behaved similarly in normal and transformed cells. Thus, concentrations of 2-pentanone and 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene were found to increase in the headspace of A549, HBEpC, and hFB cell cultures. In addition, the ethers methyl tert-butyl ether and ethyl tert-butyl ether could be detected at elevated levels in the case of A549 cells and one of the untransformed cell lines. However, especially branched hydrocarbons and alcohols were seen increased more frequently in untransformed than A549 cells. A big variety of predominantly aldehydes and the ester n-butyl acetate were found at decreased concentrations in the headspace of all cell lines tested compared with medium controls. Again, more different aldehydes were found to be decreased in hFB and HBEpC cells compared with A549 cells and 2-butenal was metabolized exclusively by both control cell lines. These data suggest that certain groups of VOCs may be preferentially associated with the transformed phenotype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(1); 182-95. ©2010 AACR.

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“…Such a complication can be diminished using some form of extraction and gas chromatographic separation (GC-MS), but this cannot realise a real time analytical technique. Recognising a growing interest in breath analysis for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, D. Smith and P. Spanel saw the potential value of CI and SIFT for the real time analysis of complex gaseous media; thus the unique new analytical technique called selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, was born [30][31][32][33][34][35]. SIFT-MS is an ideal ambient analysis method that is utilised for the immediate real time analysis of humid air obviating sample collection and treatment, such as water vapour removal or pre-concentration of trace compounds that is usually required for GC-MS analysis and which can compromise the sample to be analysed.…”

Section: Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry Sift-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most analytically important development stemming from SIFT is that of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, by P. Spanel and D. Smith in 1995 [30][31][32][33][34][35]. This is a novel gas phase analysis method by which trace gases can be quantified in real time in dry air and, significantly, in humid air such as exhaled breath and the headspace of aqueous liquids.…”

Section: Introduction and Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

The SIFT and FALP techniques; applications to ionic and electronic reactions studies and their evolution to the SIFT-MS and FA-MS analytical methods

Smith

Španěl

2015

International Journal of Mass Spectrometry

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Abstract.Flow tube reactors coupled with quantitative mass spectrometry have made, and continue to make, major contributions to gas phase ion-molecule chemistry, to recombination and electron attachment studies and, most recently, to gas phase trace gas analysis. This paper briefly reviews the concepts and principles of operation of flowing afterglow, FA, and flowing afterglow Langmuir probe, FALP, plasma reactors, and selected ion flow tube, SIFT, ion swarm reactors for the study of the above processes. This paved the way to our recent developments of the novel analytical methods that we call selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, and flowing afterglow mass spectrometry, FA-MS. A time line of these developments during the last fifty years is presented. It is shown how exploitation of FA and SIFT has provided the essential kinetics data that allow modelling of the ion chemistry of naturally occurring plasmas, especially the terrestrial ionosphere and interstellar gas clouds, and has greatly facilitated the developments and evolution of SIFT-MS and FA-MS, which are contributing to the science of ambient trace gas analysis. The wide ranging applications of SIFT-MS are alluded to whilst focusing on the successful direct real time quantitative analysis of volatile metabolites in exhaled breath forcibly demonstrating the unique analytical features of SIFT-MS.

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Quantitative analysis of ammonia on the breath of patients in end-stage renal failure

Cited by 341 publications

References 23 publications

Breath ammonia levels in a normal human population study as determined by photoacoustic laser spectroscopy

Breath ammonia levels in a normal human population study as determined by photoacoustic laser spectroscopy

TD-GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Metabolites of Human Lung Cancer and Normal Cells In vitro

The SIFT and FALP techniques; applications to ionic and electronic reactions studies and their evolution to the SIFT-MS and FA-MS analytical methods

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