Quantitation of pterosins A and B, and ptaquiloside, the main carcinogen of pteridium aquilinum (L. Kuhn), by high pressure liquid chromatography

Alonso‐Amelot, Miguel E.; Pérez-Mena, Margarita; Calcagno, María Pia; Jaimes-Espinoza, Ramon

doi:10.1002/pca.2800030404

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…1984; Saito et al . 1987, 1989, 1990; Alonso‐Amelot et al . 1992, 2000; Ngomuo & Jones 1996), and their derivatives, including illudane‐type and proto illudane sesquiterpene glycosides (Castillo et al .…”

Section: Structure and Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

2006

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Summary1 This account reviews information on all aspects of the biology of bracken Pteridium (mainly aquilinum ssp. aquilinum) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, reproductive characters, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation. 2 Pteridium is a complex genus comprising a number of species, subspecies and varieties. The treatment here is based on a recent revision that incorporates both morphological and molecular data, and is related to its geographical distribution. 3 Pteridium is thought to be a woodland genus, but it can grow in the open. It is cosmopolitan and occurs on all continents except Antarctica. It responds to human disturbance and is often found in open spaces after forest clearance and cultivation. In some situations it can be a troublesome weed, causing problems for land managers. Moreover, its abundance and distribution in Britain are predicted to increase as a result of global climate change. 4 Pteridium aquilinum ssp. aquilinum, the most common taxon in the British Isles, occurs in many plant communities, and it is apparently limited by frost and waterlogging. Its abundance has probably increased in the relatively recent past as a result of changing land management, and this increase impinges on plant communities with a high conservation interest. The changed land management reflects changing use of agricultural land and also a reduction in the use of Pteridium as a resource. Accordingly, in many places Pteridium is viewed as a weed and management is needed to control it and restore more desirable vegetation. These management techniques are summarized.

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Section: Structure and Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

2006

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“…The highest dosed animals (approx. la 000 mg/animal/d) showed a more rapid decline in excretion (figure 2) as the animais rejected the feed after the third day, possibly on account of the effect of prunasin contained in the young fronds. There was also a Iinear dependency of the 2 400 to 10 000 mg/d range during five consecutive days.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The remaining aqueous fraction was reduced to 113 of its volume by evaporation under vacuum at 36 "C, the pH was adjusted to II with dilute sodium hydroxide, then the solution was warmed at 36 "C for 2 h. After this time, the solution was extracted exhaustively with dichloromethane and the organic layer reduced in volume. The passage of the evaporated organic phase through a microcolumn of silica gel secured the quantitative conversion of unstable ptaq and the dienone derived therefrom into pterosin B [2]. HPLC of this material with detection at 260 nm allowed the more sensitive quantitation ofpterosin Band therefore, of ptaq present in each milk sample by conversion of the molecular weight, as described earlier [4].…”

Section: Materials and Metrodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dosages of ptaq were increased in three similar consecutive experiments by using bracken lots known to contain larger concentrations of ptaq. Samples from each fem frond lot were anaIysed for contents of ptaq using the HPLC method reported earlier [2] in order to know the amount of ptaq ingested. This enabled the calculation of dose rates of ptaq within the 6 kg of fern daily intake in the range of 2 400 to 10 000 mg of ptaq/animal/d.…”

Section: Materials and Metrodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Excretion, through milk, of ptaquiloside in bracken-fed cows. A quantitative assessment

Alonso‐Amelot

Castillo

Smith³

et al. 1998

Lait

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-The content of ptaquiloside (ptaq), a major Pteridium aquilinum carcinogen found in milk from cows fed bracken in Venezuela, has been estimated quantitatively in ils passage through bovines into milk. Six cows were given 6 kg/animal/d of fresh bracken fronds whose ptaq content was determined. Ptaq first appeared in milk 38 h after initially feeding this plant to the cows and continued to be excreted at a relatively constant level, after an induction period, for 62-70 h after the bracken diet had ceased. The average value of total ptaq excreted ([ptaq]e) from milk amounted to 8.60 ± 1.16 % of the total ptaq ingested ([ptaq]) during the entire feeding period.[ptaq]e was linearly dose dependent in the 2 400 to 10 000 mg/animal/d range of ptaq given to the test animais and the ratio [ptaqle/jptaq], remained relatively constant at various ptaq dosages. In a two-pulse feeding sequence with a 72-h interlude when no bracken was given, a bimodal ptaq excretion curve was obtained. The implications to human health are discussed. © InralElsevier, Paris ptaquiloside / bracken fern / cow's milk Résumé -Excrétion du ptaquiloside dans le lait de vaches alimentées avec de la fougère Bracken, Évaluation quantitative. La quantité de ptaquiloside (ptaq), le principal carcinogène de Pteridium aquilinum, retrouvé dans le lait de vaches alimentées avec la fougère bracken au Venezuela, a été estimée quantitativement. On a donné à six vaches 6 kglj de frondes fraîches de fougère, dont le contenu en ptaq a été deterrniné. Le ptaq est apparu d'abord dans le lait 38 heures après la première prise et a continué à être excrété à une concentration plus ou moins constante après une période d'induction, jusqu'à 62-70 heures après que l'alimentation en fougère a cessé. Ensuite, le ptaq a graduellement diminué jusqu'à ce qu'il ait disparu du lait. La valeur moyenne de ptaq excrétée dans le * Correspondence and reprints.

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“…The search for the carcinogenic principle in milk peaked once the structure of ptaquiloside became known and a reliable and sufficiently sensitive analytical procedure for its chromatographic detection became available [68,104,105], not an easy task in view of the fact that this illudane is prone to decomposition by moderate heat, base, or acid. Ptaquiloside was actually detected by HPLC in milk from cows fed bracken fronds by forcing its decomposition in milk to pterosin B in dilute alcaline medium followed by treatment with mild acid [106].…”

Section: But Where Is the Connection?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Carcinogenesis and Bracken Fern: A Review of the Evidence

Alonso‐Amelot

Avendaño

2002

CMC

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The complex taxon embraced in the Pteridium genus, popularly known as bracken fern and notorious weeds in many parts of the world, is one of the few vascular plants known to induce cancer naturally in animals. It has been known for long to be acutely toxic to livestock and sublethal chronic oral feeding of bracken fronds leads to cancerous lesions in the urinary bladder, or bovine enzootic haematuria (BEH) and ileum of cattle. Bracken poisoning has been attributed chiefly to ptaquiloside, a norsesqui-terpene which is also a potent carcinogen inducing various malignancies in laboratory animals. It is capable of alkylating uncoiled DNAbases at key proto-oncogenes of selected organs. Some human populations also eat young bracken shoots and epidemiological studies in Japan and Brazil have shown a close association between bracken consumption and cancers of the upper alimentary tract. In addition, other studies reveal that the mere presence of bracken swards represents a greater risk to die of gastric adenocarcinoma for people who live more than 20 years in such areas or are exposed in childhood. This work reviews the bracken-cancer connections established by in vitro and in vivo experiments and epidemiological studies in various parts of the world, and provides insights into the possible bridges for bracken carcinogens to reach the human diet. Also, specific points where more research is needed are highlighted.

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Quantitation of pterosins A and B, and ptaquiloside, the main carcinogen of pteridium aquilinum (L. Kuhn), by high pressure liquid chromatography

Cited by 24 publications

References 20 publications

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

Excretion, through milk, of ptaquiloside in bracken-fed cows. A quantitative assessment

Human Carcinogenesis and Bracken Fern: A Review of the Evidence

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