Quantitation of multiple mycotoxins and cyanogenic glucosides in cassava samples from Tanzania and Rwanda by an LC-MS/MS-based multi-toxin method

Sulyok, Michael; Beed, Fenton; Boni, S.B.; Abass, Adebayo; Mukunzi, A; Krska, Rudolf

doi:10.1080/19440049.2014.975752

Cited by 48 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This florescence phenomenon is widely accepted for aflatoxins. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is among one of the oldest techniques used for aflatoxin detection (Fallah et al, 2011), while high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LCMS), and enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) are the methods most frequently used for its detection (Tabari et al, 2011; Andrade et al, 2013; Sulyok et al, 2015). ELISA can be used to identify aflatoxins based on estimation of AfB1-lysine (metabolite of AFB1 toxin) concentration in the blood.…”

Section: Detection Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins: A Global Concern for Food Safety, Human Health and Their Management

et al. 2017

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The aflatoxin producing fungi, Aspergillus spp., are widely spread in nature and have severely contaminated food supplies of humans and animals, resulting in health hazards and even death. Therefore, there is great demand for aflatoxins research to develop suitable methods for their quantification, precise detection and control to ensure the safety of consumers’ health. Here, the chemistry and biosynthesis process of the mycotoxins is discussed in brief along with their occurrence, and the health hazards to humans and livestock. This review focuses on resources, production, detection and control measures of aflatoxins to ensure food and feed safety. The review is informative for health-conscious consumers and research experts in the fields. Furthermore, providing knowledge on aflatoxins toxicity will help in ensure food safety and meet the future demands of the increasing population by decreasing the incidence of outbreaks due to aflatoxins.

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Section: Detection Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins: A Global Concern for Food Safety, Human Health and Their Management

et al. 2017

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“…Since many plant biotransformation products of mycotoxins are not included in conventional analytical methods, also because no regulated limits exist for them in food commodities, they are called masked mycotoxins [18,19]. LC-MS/MS techniques based on multiple reaction monitoring mode are frequently used for the analysis of various (masked) mycotoxins in food products and raw materials [20,21,22]. However, much more accurate mass-to-charge ( m/z ) values are obtained by high-resolution MS (HRMS) including Orbitrap or quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) instruments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of HT-2 Toxin and T-2 Toxin in Oats

Meng-Reiterer

Bueschl

Rechthaler³

et al. 2016

Toxins

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The Fusarium mycotoxins HT-2 toxin (HT2) and T-2 toxin (T2) are frequent contaminants in oats. These toxins, but also their plant metabolites, may contribute to toxicological effects. This work describes the use of 13C-assisted liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry for the first comprehensive study on the biotransformation of HT2 and T2 in oats. Using this approach, 16 HT2 and 17 T2 metabolites were annotated including novel glycosylated and hydroxylated forms of the toxins, hydrolysis products, and conjugates with acetic acid, putative malic acid, malonic acid, and ferulic acid. Further targeted quantitative analysis was performed to study toxin metabolism over time, as well as toxin and conjugate mobility within non-treated plant tissues. As a result, HT2-3-O-β-d-glucoside was identified as the major detoxification product of both parent toxins, which was rapidly formed (to an extent of 74% in HT2-treated and 48% in T2-treated oats within one day after treatment) and further metabolised. Mobility of the parent toxins appeared to be negligible, while HT2-3-O-β-d-glucoside was partly transported (up to approximately 4%) through panicle side branches and stem. Our findings demonstrate that the presented combination of untargeted and targeted analysis is well suited for the comprehensive elucidation of mycotoxin metabolism in plants.

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“…All the samples met the proposed East Africa regulatory threshold of 10 μg/kg. Similar observations regarding the low contamination by aflatoxins in cassava are reported in Ghana (Wareing, Westby, Gibbs, Allotey, & Halm, 2001), Republic of Benin (Adjovi et al., 2014; Gnonlonfin et al., 2012) and Tanzania (Sulyok et al., 2015) The occurrence of aflatoxins in cassava chips from Cameroon was only detected after 4 weeks’ storage (Essono et al., 2009). These results suggested that fresh cassava is safe regarding aflatoxin contamination; however, processing methods such as heat treatment, sun drying, or freezing may alter the ability of cassava to block toxinogenesis, leading to secondary contamination.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of aflatoxin in agricultural produce from local markets in Burundi and Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Udomkun

Mutegi

Wossen

et al. 2018

Food Science & Nutrition

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Aflatoxins are noxious secondary metabolites, of certain fungal species, found in food and feed. Contamination of a commodity with aflatoxins is associated with production and storage losses, and subsequently less food availability. Aflatoxins can also pose human health risks and represent a barrier to the development of trade, in both domestic and international markets. In this study, samples of cassava, maize, groundnut, beans, soybean, sorghum and milk, and their processed products were collected from local markets in Burundi and Eastern DRC. In order to investigate the levels of aflatoxin, crop samples were analyzed using a single step lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (Reveal Q+), while enzyme‐linked immune‐sorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze aflatoxin‐M1 in milk, yogurt, and cheese samples. The results revealed the presence of aflatoxins in all samples from both countries, with levels ranging from 1.3 to 2,410 μg/kg. Samples collected from Burundi contained relatively higher (p > 0.0.5) levels of aflatoxins. In 51% of all the crops samples, total aflatoxin contamination was above the EU maximum tolerable level of 4 μg/kg. Processed products, particularly from groundnut, maize, and sorghum, had the highest levels of aflatoxin contamination when compared to unprocessed grain. With regard to milk and dairy products, the level of aflatoxin‐M1 ranged from 4.8 to 261.1 ng/kg. Approximately 29% of milk and yogurt samples had aflatoxin‐M1 higher than the EU regulatory limit of 50 ng/kg, whereas 20% of cheese samples were found to be contaminated at levels higher than the maximum limit of 250 ng/kg. These results can serve as the basis for pre‐ and postharvest approaches to reduce aflatoxin contamination in agricultural commodities in Burundi and Eastern DRC in order to reduce health risk, avoid reduced production in livestock, and open up export markets.

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Quantitation of multiple mycotoxins and cyanogenic glucosides in cassava samples from Tanzania and Rwanda by an LC-MS/MS-based multi-toxin method

Cited by 48 publications

References 32 publications

Aflatoxins: A Global Concern for Food Safety, Human Health and Their Management

Aflatoxins: A Global Concern for Food Safety, Human Health and Their Management

Metabolism of HT-2 Toxin and T-2 Toxin in Oats

Occurrence of aflatoxin in agricultural produce from local markets in Burundi and Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

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