Quantitation of IGF-I, IGF-II, and multiple insulin receptor family member messenger RNAs during embryonic development in rainbow trout

Greene, Michael W.; Chen, Thomas T.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(199912)54:4<348::aid-mrd5>3.0.co;2-n

Cited by 52 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In contrast to these studies, no differences in plasma IGF-1 levels [81,82], nor IGF - 1 mRNA levels in liver, muscle or gill [81] of farmed and wild Atlantic salmon has been detected. The difference in the results between the study conducted by Neregard and colleagues [81] and the present study could be caused by tissue specific differences in regulation of IGF - 1 mRNA levels [83,84]. However, in their study [81], mRNA levels, as well as plasma IGF-1 levels, were measured in Atlantic salmon sampled at cold temperatures < 5°C.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

Effects of environmental stress on mRNA expression levels of seven genes related to oxidative stress and growth in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. of farmed, hybrid and wild origin

et al. 2012

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BackgroundTen generations of domestication selection has caused farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. to deviate from wild salmon in a range of traits. Each year hundreds of thousands of farmed salmon escape into the wild. Thus, interbreeding between farmed escapees and wild conspecifics represents a significant threat to the genetic integrity of wild salmon populations. In a previous study we demonstrated how domestication has inadvertently selected for reduced responsiveness to stress in farmed salmon. To complement that study, we have evaluated the expression of seven stress-related genes in head kidney of salmon of farmed, hybrid and wild origin exposed to environmentally induced stress.ResultsIn general, the crowding stressor used to induce environmental stress did not have a strong impact on mRNA expression levels of the seven genes, except for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) that was downregulated in the stress treatment relative to the control treatment. mRNA expression levels of glutathione reductase (GR), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), Mn superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GP) and IGF-1 were affected by genetic origin, thus expressed significantly different between the salmon of farmed, hybrid or wild origin. A positive relationship was detected between body size of wild salmon and mRNA expression level of the IGF-1 gene, in both environments. No such relationship was observed for the hybrid or farmed salmon.ConclusionFarmed salmon in this study displayed significantly elevated mRNA levels of the IGF-1 gene relative to the wild salmon, in both treatments, while hybrids displayed a non additive pattern of inheritance. As IGF-1 mRNA levels are positively correlated to growth rate, the observed positive relationship between body size and IGF-1 mRNA levels detected in the wild but neither in the farmed nor the hybrid salmon, could indicate that growth selection has increased IGF-1 levels in farmed salmon to the extent that they may not be limiting growth rate.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

Effects of environmental stress on mRNA expression levels of seven genes related to oxidative stress and growth in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. of farmed, hybrid and wild origin

et al. 2012

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“…Two validated early developmental Arctic charr reference genes ( Actb and Ef1a ) were chosen for qPCR data normalisation based on Ahi et al, (). The following target growth‐promoting genes were selected, together with components of the glucocorticoid signaling pathway (mediating energy mobilization and stress responses): Star is associated with steroid and cortisol synthesis and involved in the stress response of fishes (Alsop & Vijayan, ); Igf1 and Igf2 are insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) that play important roles in regulating growth and development in vertebrates (Greene & Chen, ); Nr3c1 –here called Gr −, is a glucocorticoid receptor and mediator of corticosteroid signalling, highly abundant in ovulated oocytes and crucial for later skeletogenesis, particularly in the craniofacial skeleton (Pikulkaew et al, ); Mtor , mechanistic target of Rapamycin, is a key regulator of metabolism, cell growth, survival, and proliferation, and also plays an essential role in embryonic growth and development (Land, Scott, & Walker, ; Laplante & Sabatini, ); Sgk1 , regulated by mTOR via phosphorylation and also by Gr through direct transcriptional activation (John et al, ), is a serum glucocorticoid kinase that up‐regulates ion channels in Xenopus sp . oocytes (Lang & Shumilina, ), and is involved in cell survival and postembryonic control of development in Caenorhabditis elegans (Jones, Greer, Pearce, & Ashrafi, ); Rictor shares a pathway with Sgk1 and is involved in regulation of fat storage, size and development in C. elegans (Jones et al, ); Ghr1 is a growth hormone receptor that is transcribed in very early embryonic stages and suggested to be an important developmental growth factor in vertebrates (Pierce, Breves, Moriyama, Uchida, & Grau, ; Sanders & Harvey, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene expression in the phenotypically plastic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus): A focus on growth and ossification at early stages of development

Beck

Räsänen

Ahi

et al. 2018

Evolution and Development

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Gene expression during development shapes the phenotypes of individuals. Although embryonic gene expression can have lasting effects on developmental trajectories, few studies consider the role of maternal effects, such as egg size, on gene expression. Using qPCR, we characterize relative expression of 14 growth and/or skeletal promoting genes across embryonic development in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). We test to what extent their relative expression is correlated with egg size and size at early life‐stages within the study population. We predict smaller individuals to have higher expression of growth and skeletal promoting genes, due to less maternal resources (i.e., yolk) and prioritization of energy toward ossification. We found expression levels to vary across developmental stages and only three genes (Mmp9, Star, and Sgk1) correlated with individual size at a given developmental stage. Contrary to our hypothesis, expression of Mmp9 and Star showed a non‐linear relationship with size (at post fertilization and hatching, respectively), whilst Sgk1 was higher in larger embryos at hatching. Interestingly, these genes are also associated with craniofacial divergence of Arctic charr morphs. Our results indicate that early life‐stage variation in gene expression, concomitant to maternal effects, can influence developmental plasticity and potentially the evolution of resource polymorphism in fishes.

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“…However in mammals, during embryonic development, IGF-1 expression is thought to be GH independent since its mRNA is detected well before pituitary GH appearance. In several fish species, the mRNA expression patterns of the IGF components has been previously studied, but without particular attention to the possible relationships between these components and the somatotroph cell ontogeny (Greene and Chen, 1997;Elies et al, 1999;Greene and Chen, 1999b;Perrot et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential expression of the two GH genes during embryonic development of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in relation with the IGFs system

Gabillard¹,

Duval

Cauty³

et al. 2002

Molecular Reproduction Devel

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The Growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system promotes embryonic growth in higher vertebrates. Such a system exists in salmonids, but exhibits an additional level of complexity resulting from a recent whole genome tetraploidisation. Thus, two nonallelic GH genes are present in the trout genome. Although the two GH genes are similar, the possibility remains that the two genes have evolved separately, acquiring a distinct expression pattern. In this study, using whole mounted in situ hybridisation, we observed a one stage delay between the appearance of GH-2 (Stage 22) and GH-1 (Stage 23) soon after pituitary formation (Stage 21). In addition, by double in situ hybridisation, we clearly evidenced two types of somatotroph, one expressing only GH-2 and the other type both GH-1 and GH-2 at Stage 24. Consequently, at this stage more cells expressed GH-2 than GH-1 as confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. However at hatching, as in adult, the difference between the expression of the two GH genes was no longer observed. In addition, our immunohistochemical studies did not show any delay between the expression of the mRNA and its translation as a protein at Stage 24. A comparison of the expression pattern of the IGF system components (IGF-1, IGF-2, and the receptor type I) determined by real time RT-PCR, have shown an IGF-1 mRNA increase concomitantly to the appearance of GH expression. On the whole, our results demonstrate a differential regulation of GH-1 and GH-2 genes in rainbow trout embryo. The relationship observed between the expression of different component of the GH/IGF system seems to indicate that this system could be functional early on during embryonic development.

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Quantitation of IGF-I, IGF-II, and multiple insulin receptor family member messenger RNAs during embryonic development in rainbow trout

Cited by 52 publications

References 44 publications

Effects of environmental stress on mRNA expression levels of seven genes related to oxidative stress and growth in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. of farmed, hybrid and wild origin

Effects of environmental stress on mRNA expression levels of seven genes related to oxidative stress and growth in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. of farmed, hybrid and wild origin

Gene expression in the phenotypically plastic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus): A focus on growth and ossification at early stages of development

Differential expression of the two GH genes during embryonic development of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in relation with the IGFs system

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