Quantitation of Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, and Acetone in Sidestream Cigarette Smoke by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Risner, Charles H.; Martín, Patricia A.

doi:10.1093/chromsci/32.3.76

Cited by 53 publications

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“…This could be the local production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde from ethanol by oral microbes, since acetaldehyde is also one of the major components in the smoke of tobacco cigarettes. 23 There is increasing evidence for acetaldehyde of being the ultimate carcinogenic substance behind excessive alcohol intake. Acetaldehyde has been shown to be highly toxic and mutagenic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of acetaldehyde from saliva by a slow‐release buccal tablet of L‐cysteine

Salaspuro

Hietala

Kaihovaara

et al. 2001

Intl Journal of Cancer

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High alcohol intake is an independent risk factor for upper gastrointestinal (GI)-tract cancers. There is increasing evidence that acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, might be responsible for ethanol-associated carcinogenesis. Especially among Asian heavy drinkers with the ALDH2-deficiency gene, i.e., a genetic inability to remove acetaldehyde, the risk of digestive tract cancers is markedly increased. Local acetaldehyde production from ethanol either by oral microbes, mucosal cells or salivary glands is a plausible carcinogenic agent in the saliva. The aim of our study was to examine whether is it possible to bind carcinogenic acetaldehyde from saliva with L-cysteine, which is slowly released from a special buccal tablet. Nine healthy male volunteers took part in our study, and each subject served as his own control. A placebo or L-cysteine-containing tablet was fastened under the upper lip. Thereafter the volunteers ingested 0.8 g/kg of body weight of 10% (v/v) ethanol, and saliva samples were collected at 20 min intervals for 320 min. Salivary acetaldehyde and ethanol levels were analysed by headspace gas chromatography. The mean reduction of acetaldehyde concentration of the saliva with the L-cysteine tablet compared to placebo was 59% (CL 95% 43%, 76%). Area under the curve (AUC 0 -320min ) with the L-cysteine and placebo tablet were 54.3 ؎ 11 M ؋ hr and 162 ؎ 34.2 M ؋ hr (mean ؎ SEM), respectively (p ‫؍‬ 0.003). After alcohol intake, up to two-thirds of carcinogenic acetaldehyde can be removed from saliva with a slow-releasing buccal L-cysteine drug formulation. Thus, a buccal cysteine tablet could potentially be used to prevent upper GI-tract cancers, especially among high-risk individuals. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: acetaldehyde; L-cysteine; upper digestive tract; carcinogenesisAlcohol intake and tobacco smoking are the most important independent risk factors for upper digestive tract cancers. [1][2][3][4][5] Many of the compounds in the tobacco smoke are carcinogenic, but, in contrast, the tumour-promoting effects of alcohol drinking has so far been less well defined. Acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, has been shown to be carcinogenic in animals and there exists strong evidence of its carcinogenic action also in man. 6,7 Asian heavy drinkers with a genetically deficient aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) enzyme do show a markedly increased risk for GI-tract cancers. 8 Our recent findings demonstrate that Asians with this mutant ALDH2 have 2-3 times higher salivary acetaldehyde levels after a moderate dose of ethanol than Asians with the normal ALDH2 enzyme. 7 When this observation is combined with the earlier epidemiologic data, our results provide strong evidence for the local carcinogenic action of acetaldehyde produced from alcohol in the saliva by either oral microbes or in the salivary glands.After absorption, ethanol is evenly distributed to the waterphase of the body, and ethanol concentration in the saliva equals that of the blood. 9 In addition to the tissue alcohol ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of acetaldehyde from saliva by a slow‐release buccal tablet of L‐cysteine

Salaspuro

Hietala

Kaihovaara

et al. 2001

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…The analysis of carbonyl compounds in the cigarette smoke employed an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure using derivatization of the carbonyl compounds with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). This procedure has been commonly practiced for carbonyl compounds analysis and is frequently reported in the literature (6,8,(15)(16)(17). The experimental procedure of this study consists of several steps.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Carbonyl Compounds in Exhaled Cigarette Smoke

Moldoveanu

Coleman

Wilkins

2007

Contributions to Tobacco &Amp; Nicotine Research

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SUMMARYThis paper presents the findings on a quantitative evaluation of carbonyl levels in exhaled cigarette smoke from human subjects. The cigarettes evaluated include products with 5.0 mg 'tar', 10.6 mg 'tar' and 16.2 mg 'tar', where 'tar' is defined as the weight of total wet particulate matter (TPM) minus the weight of nicotine and water, and the cigarettes are smoked following U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recommendations. The measured levels of carbonyls in the exhaled smoke were compared with calculated yields of carbonyls in the inhaled smoke and a retention efficiency was obtained. The number of human subjects included a total of ten smokers for the 10.6 mg 'tar', five for the 16.2 mg 'tar', and five for the 5.0 mg 'tar' product, each subject smoking three cigarettes. The analyzed carbonyl compounds included several aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde and n-butyraldehyde), and two ketones (acetone and 2-butanone). The smoke collection from the human subjects was vacuum assisted. Exhaled smoke was collected on Cambridge pads pretreated with a solution of dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the dinitrophenylhydrazones of the carbonyl compounds. The cigarette butts from the smokers were collected and analyzed for nicotine. The nicotine levels for the cigarette butts from the smokers were used to calculate the level of carbonyls in the inhaled smoke, based on calibration curves. These were generated separately by analyzing the carbonyls in smoke and the nicotine in the cigarette butts obtained by machine smoking under different puffing regimes. The comparison of the level of carbonyl compounds in exhaled smoke with that from the inhaled smoke showed high retention of all the carbonyls. The retention of aldehydes was above 95% for all three different tar levels cigarettes. The ketones were retained with a slightly lower efficiency. Acetone was retained in the range of 90% to 95%. The retention for 2-butanone showed a larger scatter compared to other results but it also appeared to be slightly less absorbed than the aldehydes, with an average retention around 95%. The retention of acetaldehyde and acetone by human smokers was previously reported in literature and the findings from this study are in very good agreement with these result. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 22 (2007) RESUMEDans cette étude les teneurs en composés carbonyles dans la fumée exhalée par les fumeurs sont évaluées quantitativement. Les cigarettes étudiées ont un rendement respectivement de 5,0 ; 10,6 et 16,2 mg de goudron ; le goudron étant définit comme matière particulaire totale (TPM) exempte de nicotine et l'eau. Les cigarettes ont été fumées selon les conditions normalisées de la Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Les teneurs en composés carbonyles dans la fumée exhalée ont été comparées avec les rendements calculés en carbonyles dans la fumée inhalée, pour obtenir l'efficacité de rétention. Dans cette étude, dix fumeurs ont...

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“…Given the toxic potential of these molecules, sensitive techniques are needed to detect them even at low concentrations and indeed a series of reliable chromatographic (HPLC) and capillary electrophoretic (CE) approaches have already been developed for their exact quantification in air and other environmental samples [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and in human exhaled breath condensate [11]. In addition, since the above-mentioned aldehydes are also major components of cigarette smoke, gas and liquid chromatographic techniques have been specifically designed for determining their amount in sidestream and mainstream cigarette smoke [12][13][14]. Cigarette smoke is known to be responsible not only for the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, but also for the development of some local, toxic effects in the oral cavity [15], so quantification of these compounds in human saliva could provide a tool for studying their mutagenic characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis: Methodological challenges for the determination of biologically relevant low‐aliphatic aldehydes in human saliva

Annovazzi¹,

Cattaneo

Viglio³

et al. 2004

Electrophoresis

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Tobacco smoke is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and also has a local toxic effect in the oral cavity. Low-aliphatic aldehydes, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein, are among the main components of mainstream cigarette smoke and their local noxious and carcinogenic effects in the oral cavity and upper gastrointestinal tract are well-known. Although various studies have been performed so far to determine their content in cigarette smoke, none has included the direct measurement of these compounds in the saliva of smoking and nonsmoking subjects. Thus, in an attempt to verify whether typical chromatographic (high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) and/or electrophoretic (capillary electrophoresis, CE) techniques could be reliable methods for determining the levels of these analytes in human saliva, we submitted specimens obtained from a selected population of heavy, moderate, and nonsmoking subjects to HPLC and CE analyses. Both methods showed good reproducibility in terms of migration times and peak height and/or areas and had comparable linearity. Quantitative analyses performed on the specimens investigated evidenced a 3.5-fold increase of low-aliphatic aldehydes in saliva of nonsmoking subjects after they have smoked a single cigarette and a further 2-fold increase of these compounds in saliva of smokers with a daily consumption of 10 or more cigarettes.

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Quantitation of Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, and Acetone in Sidestream Cigarette Smoke by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Cited by 53 publications

References 0 publications

Removal of acetaldehyde from saliva by a slow‐release buccal tablet of L‐cysteine

Removal of acetaldehyde from saliva by a slow‐release buccal tablet of L‐cysteine

Determination of Carbonyl Compounds in Exhaled Cigarette Smoke

High‐performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis: Methodological challenges for the determination of biologically relevant low‐aliphatic aldehydes in human saliva

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