Quantifying the Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle via a Contaminated Environment

Colenutt, Claire; Brown, Emma; Nelson, Noel; Paton, David; Eblé, P.L.; Dekker, A.; Gonzáles, José L.; Gubbins, Simon

doi:10.1128/mbio.00381-20

Cited by 27 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…To investigate the possible aerosol transmission of FMDV in buffalo, we collected the aerosols exhaled by the NI buffalo using a Coriolis Air Sampler (Bertin Technologies) [37]. The Coriolis Air Sampler collects the aerosols in a plastic bottle filled with Eagles media with antibiotics that is connected to a high volume vacuum pump with an airflow rate of 300 liters/min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)

Pérez-Martín

Beechler

Scott

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important livestock diseases restricting international trade. While it is clear that African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) act as the main wildlife reservoir, viral and immune response dynamics during FMD virus acute infection have not been described before in this species. We used experimental needle inoculation and contact infections with three Southern African Territories serotypes to assess clinical, virological and immunological dynamics for thirty days post infection. Clinical FMD in the needle inoculated buffaloes was mild and characterised by pyrexia. Despite the absence of generalised vesicles, all contact animals were readily infected with their respective serotypes within the first 2-9 days after being mixed with needle challenged buffaloes. Irrespective of the route of infection or serotype there were positive associations between the viral loads in blood and the induction of host innate pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins. Viral loads in blood and tonsils were tightly correlated during the acute phase of the infection, however, viraemia significantly declined after a peak at 4 days post infection (dpi), which correlated with the presence of detectable neutralising antibodies. In contrast, infectious virus was isolated in the tonsils until the last sampling point (30 dpi) in most animals. The pattern of virus detection in serum and tonsil swabs was similar for all three serotypes in the direct challenged and contact challenged animals.We have demonstrated for the first time, that African buffalo are indeed systemically affected by FMD virus and clinical FMD in buffalo is characterized by a transient pyrexia. Despite the lack of FMD lesions, infection of African buffalo was characterised by high viral loads in blood and oropharynx, rapid and strong host innate and adaptive immune responses and high transmissibility.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)

Pérez-Martín

Beechler

Scott

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Even for influenza, which has been intensely studied for decades, the relative importance of droplet and bioaerosol transmission and transmission from touching contaminated objects or surfaces is not clear. This seriously complicates and confounds disease epidemiology and control options, allowing spread from several nonhost sources [ 33 ]. An increasing awareness of the importance of direct versus indirect transmission in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic has reenergised aerobiology and engineering research in this area.…”

Section: Direct or Indirect Transmission?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis Survival in the Environment Confound Bovine Tuberculosis Control and Eradication? A Literature Review

Allen

Ford

Skuce

2021

Veterinary Medicine International

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Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the globe’s most common, multihost zoonoses and results in substantial socioeconomic costs for governments, farming industries, and tax payers. Despite decades of surveillance and research, surprisingly, little is known about the exact mechanisms of transmission. In particular, as a facultative intracellular pathogen, to what extent does survival of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (M. bovis), in the environment constitute an epidemiological risk for livestock and wildlife? Due largely to the classical pathology of cattle cases, the received wisdom was that bTB was spread by direct inhalation and exchange of bioaerosols containing droplets laden with bacteria. Other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) exhibit differing host ranges, an apparent capacity to persist in environmental fomites, and they favour a range of different transmission routes. It is possible, therefore, that infection from environmental sources of M. bovis could be a disease transmission risk. Recent evidence from GPS-collared cattle and badgers in Britain and Ireland suggests that direct transmission by infectious droplets or aerosols may not be the main mechanism for interspecies transmission, raising the possibility of indirect transmission involving a contaminated, shared environment. The possibility that classical pulmonary TB can be simulated and recapitulated in laboratory animal models by ingestion of contaminated feed is a further intriguing indication of potential environmental risk. Livestock and wildlife are known to shed M. bovis onto pasture, soil, feedstuffs, water, and other fomites; field and laboratory studies have indicated that persistence is possible, but variable, under differing environmental conditions. Given the potential infection risk, it is timely to review the available evidence, experimental approaches, and methodologies that could be deployed to address this potential blind spot and control point. Although we focus on evidence from Western Europe, the concepts are widely applicable to other multihost bTB episystems.

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“…Longer distance airborne spread between farms occurs relatively rarely, mostly from pigs to cattle. The relative importance of direct and indirect transmission modes is difficult to quantify [ 4 ], but significant farm-to-farm spread can continue after imposition of complete animal movement standstills, particularly in areas of high farm density [ 5 ]. Viral characteristics underlying the explosive spread of the FMDV O PanAsia topotype in 1999–2001, and its apparent ability to out-compete type O strains circulating in regions it entered have been investigated but not identified [ 6 ].…”

Section: Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus and Sars-cov-2: Comparative Virmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Can also cease vaccination and move directly to free without vaccination. 4 Endemic countries are those without FMD freedom officially recognized by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). (Online version in colour.…”

Section: (B) Response To the Imminent Threatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parallels, differences and lessons: a comparison of the management of foot-and-mouth disease and COVID-19 using UK 2001/2020 as points of reference

et al. 2020

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely infectious viral infection of cloven-hoofed animals which is highly challenging to control and can give rise to national animal health crises, especially if there is a lack of pre-existing immunity due to the emergence of new strains or following incursions into disease-free regions. The 2001 FMD epidemic in the UK was on a scale that initially overwhelmed the national veterinary services and was eventually controlled by livestock lockdown and slaughter on an unprecedented scale. In 2020, the rapid emergence of COVID-19 has led to a human pandemic unparalleled in living memory. The enormous logistics of multi-agency control efforts for COVID-19 are reminiscent of the 2001 FMD epidemic in the UK, as are the use of movement restrictions, not normally a feature of human disease control. The UK experience is internationally relevant as few countries have experienced national epidemic crises for both diseases. In this review, we reflect on the experiences and lessons learnt from UK and international responses to FMD and COVID-19 with respect to their management, including the challenge of preclinical viral transmission, threat awareness, early detection, different interpretations of scientific information, lockdown, biosecurity behaviour change, shortage of testing capacity and the choices for eradication versus living with infection. A major lesson is that the similarity of issues and critical resources needed to manage large-scale outbreaks demonstrates that there is benefit to a ‘One Health’ approach to preparedness, with potential for greater cooperation in planning and the consideration of shared critical resources.

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Quantifying the Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle via a Contaminated Environment

Cited by 27 publications

References 39 publications

Viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)

Viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)

Does Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis Survival in the Environment Confound Bovine Tuberculosis Control and Eradication? A Literature Review

Parallels, differences and lessons: a comparison of the management of foot-and-mouth disease and COVID-19 using UK 2001/2020 as points of reference

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