Quantifying the Response of Grass Carp Larvae to Acoustic Stimuli Using Particle-Tracking Velocimetry

Abstract

Acoustic deterrents are recognized as a promising method to prevent the spread of invasive grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) and the negative ecological impacts caused by them. As the efficacy of sound barriers depends on the hearing capabilities of carp, it is important to identify whether carps can recognize acoustic signals and alter their swimming behavior. Our study focuses on quantifying the response of grass carp larvae when exposed to out-of-water acoustic signals within the range of 100–1000 Hz, by capturing their movement using particle-tracking velocimetry (PTV), a quantitative imaging tool often used for hydrodynamic studies. The number of responsive larvae is counted to compute response ratio at each frequency, to quantify the influence of sound on larval behavior. While the highest response occurred at 700 Hz, we did not observe any clear functional relation between frequency of sound and response ratio. Overall, 20–30% of larvae were consistently reacting to sound stimuli regardless of the frequency. In this study, we emphasize that larval behaviors when exposed to acoustic signals vary by individual, and thus a sufficient number of larvae should be surveyed at the same time under identical conditions, to better quantify their sensitivity to sound rather than repeating the experiment with individual specimens. Since bulk quantification, such as mean or quantile velocities of multiple specimens, can misrepresent larval behavior, our study finds that including the response ratio can more effectively reflect the larval response.

Turbulent Coherent Flow Structures to Predict the Behavior of Particles With Low to Intermediate Stokes Number Between Submerged Obstacles in Streams

“…The out‐of‐plane error of the particle in the image is estimated as up to $$\pm 5.7\%$$. Recordings were processed using a custom particle image processing Matlab routine (PTV algorithm) to obtain particle trajectories based on a two‐step process: (a) particle identification from each frame and (b) particle matching between consecutive frames based on cross‐correlation algorithm (Brevis et al., 2011; You & Tinoco, 2021). The images were converted into grayscale frames and backgrounds were removed to only leave the moving particles for analysis.…”

A Review of Grass Carp and Related Species Literature on Diet, Behavior, Toxicology, and Physiology Focused on Informing Development of Controls for Invasive Grass Carp Populations in North America

“…Sound may be useful as a repellent for some species of focal carps. Within schools of grass carp larvae, individuals do not consistently respond to tones ranging in frequency from 100 to 1000 Hz (18% to 33% response rate), and there is no relationship between tone frequency and individual response rate [487]. Grass carp respond to broadband sound frequencies of 0.2 to 4.0 kHz; maximum sensitivity is for frequencies from 0.3 to 0.4 kHz based on having those frequencies having the lowest sound pressure level [488].…”

Validation of Modified Algebraic Model during Transitional Flow in HVAC Duct

“…To validate the algebraic model used in this work, a measurement using particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) was used. This method is widely used in the measurement of velocity field in fluids and in validate the numerical simulation results [21][22][23][24][25].…”