Quantifying the promise of ‘beyond’ Li–ion batteries

Sapunkov, Oleg; Pande, Vikram; Khetan, Abhishek; Choomwattana, Chayanit; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian

doi:10.1088/2053-1613/2/4/045002

Cited by 48 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…; Sapunkov et al. ). In addition, the battery sector is a confidentiality‐sensitive industry, which makes it difficult to determine meaningful projections.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Integrating Batteries in the Future Swiss Electricity Supply System: A Consequential Environmental Assessment

Vandepaer

Cloutier

Bauer

et al. 2018

J of Industrial Ecology

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Summary Stationary batteries are projected to play a role in the electricity system of Switzerland after 2030. By enabling the integration of surplus production from intermittent renewables, energy storage units displace electricity production from different sources and potentially create environmental benefits. Nevertheless, batteries can also cause substantial environmental impacts during their manufacturing process and through the extraction of raw materials. A prospective consequential life cycle assessment (LCA) of lithium metal polymer and lithium‐ion stationary batteries is undertaken to quantify potential environmental benefits and drawbacks. Projections are integrated into the LCA model: Energy scenarios are used to obtain marginal electricity supply mixes, and projections about the battery performances and the recycling process are sourced from the literature. The roles of key parameters and methodological choices in the results are systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that the displacement of marginal electricity sources determines the environmental implications of using batteries. In the reference scenario representing current policy, the displaced electricity mix is dominated by natural gas combined cycle units. In this scenario, the use of batteries generates environmental benefits in 12 of the 16 impact categories assessed. Nevertheless, there is a significant reduction in achievable environmental benefits when batteries are integrated into the power supply system in a low‐carbon scenario because the marginal electricity production, displaced using batteries, already has a reduced environmental impact. The direct impacts of batteries mainly originate from upstream manufacturing processes, which consume electricity and mining activities related to the extraction of materials such as copper and bauxite.

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“…; Sapunkov et al. ). In addition, the battery sector is a confidentiality‐sensitive industry, which makes it difficult to determine meaningful projections.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Integrating Batteries in the Future Swiss Electricity Supply System: A Consequential Environmental Assessment

Vandepaer

Cloutier

Bauer

et al. 2018

J of Industrial Ecology

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show abstract

“…Venkat Viswanathan, from Carnegie Mellon University at Pittsburgh US, and colleagues have recently published a systematic analysis of papers covering three of the new technologies that could potentially overtake lithium ion batteries. 1 The researchers used methodology applied by IT research and advisory company Gartner in their 'hype cycles' of emerging technologies. 2 In the typical curve, an initial technology trigger leads to a peak of inflated expectations, followed by a descent into the trough of disillusionment.…”

Section: Lithium Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2017

Chemistry & Industry

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“…3,9,24,25 However, there exist a large debates on discharge product such as NaO 2 , Na 2 O 2 , and Na x O 2 (1<x<2) in Na-O 2 batteries duo to very close equilibrium voltages. 9,20,25,26 Based on ex situ analysis of the carbon cathode, Fu et al reported Na 2 O 2 as the major discharge product with use of either carbonate or ether electrolytes. 27 However, this result was in contrast with the finding of Hartmann et al, in which NaO 2 was convincingly demonstrated as the primary discharge product.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] On electrode surface, gas phase O 2 (g) firstly undergoes electrochemical reaction with Na + -complex; subsequently, the disproportionation reaction into Na 2 O 2 +O 2 (g) or further electrochemical reaction into Na 2 O 2 may take place. 25 In the solution mechanism, the soluble O 2 combines with Na + complex to form NaO 2 molecule, followed by molecular disproportionation reaction into Na 2 O 2 +O 2 (g). 25 Therefore, in both surface and solution mechanisms, O 2 pressure and electrolyte should be considered to determine composition of discharge products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrolyte-controlled discharge product distribution of Na–O₂batteries: a combined computational and experimental study

Wang

Zhao

Wang

et al. 2017

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Tuning the composition of discharge products is an important strategy to reduce charge potential, suppress side reactions, and improve the reversibility of metal-oxygen batteries. In the present study, first-principles calculations and experimental confirmation were performed to unravel the influence of O pressure, particle size, and electrolyte on the composition of charge products in Na-O batteries. The electrolytes with medium and high donor numbers (>12.5) are favorable for the formation of sole NaO, while those with low donor numbers (<12.5) may permit the formation of NaO by disproportionation reactions. Our comparative experiments under different electrolytes confirmed the calculation prediction. Our calculations indicated that O pressure and particle size hardly affect discharge products. On the electrode, only one-electron-transfer electrochemical reaction to form NaO takes place, whereas two-electron-transfer electrochemical and chemical reactions to form NaO and NaO are prevented in thermodynamics. The present study explains why metastable NaO was identified as a sole discharge product in many experiments, while thermodynamically more stable NaO was not observed. Therefore, to achieve low overpotential, a high-donor-number electrolyte should be applied in the discharge processes of Na-O batteries.

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Quantifying the promise of ‘beyond’ Li–ion batteries

Cited by 48 publications

References 93 publications

Integrating Batteries in the Future Swiss Electricity Supply System: A Consequential Environmental Assessment

Integrating Batteries in the Future Swiss Electricity Supply System: A Consequential Environmental Assessment

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Electrolyte-controlled discharge product distribution of Na–O₂batteries: a combined computational and experimental study

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Quantifying the promise of ‘beyond’ Li–ion batteries

Cited by 48 publications

References 93 publications

Integrating Batteries in the Future Swiss Electricity Supply System: A Consequential Environmental Assessment

Integrating Batteries in the Future Swiss Electricity Supply System: A Consequential Environmental Assessment

Highly charged

Electrolyte-controlled discharge product distribution of Na–O2batteries: a combined computational and experimental study

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Electrolyte-controlled discharge product distribution of Na–O₂batteries: a combined computational and experimental study