Quantifying the Mineralization of ¹³C-Labeled Cations and Anions Reveals Differences in Microbial Biodegradation of Herbicidal Ionic Liquids between Water and Soil

Abstract

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Iodosulfuron-Methyl-Based Herbicidal Ionic Liquids Comprising Alkyl Betainate Cation as Novel Active Ingredients with Reduced Environmental Impact and Excellent Efficacy

“…Such compounds are known to permeate soil easily and pose a threat to watercourses, leading to pollution of the hydrosphere. In contrast, highly lipophilic substances, characterized by values of log K OW > 3, may persist in soil for months, increasing the plausibility of their bioaccumulation. , According to recent reports, the risk of environmental pollution dramatically increases when a herbicidally active compound is resistant to biodegradation by soil microorganisms . In addition, the Cao research group recently revealed that in the case of HILs good lipophilicity could cause the active ingredients to easily penetrate the leaf surface, reaching the target tissues more quickly and exhibiting satisfactory herbicidal activity. − ,, Therefore, in the process of designing novel environmentally friendly pesticides an assessment of their octanol–water partition coefficient is recommended, as a measure of not only their potential environmental impact but also their efficacy.…”

Herbicidal Ionic Liquids: A Promising Future for Old Herbicides? Review on Synthesis, Toxicity, Biodegradation, and Efficacy Studies

“…These tests only indicate general trends and do not provide data regarding the mineralization nature, that is, whether the cation or anion mineralized or both of them. 79 …”

Transformation of Iodosulfuron-Methyl into Ionic Liquids Enables Elimination of Additional Surfactants in Commercial Formulations of Sulfonylureas

“…Additionally, HILs possessing at least one long alkyl chain can exhibit excellent surface active properties, eliminating the need for additional surfactants, and often allowing herbicide application at lower than normal concentrations [ 28 , 29 ]. The resulting ionic pairs have been shown to exhibit a number of desirable physicochemical and biological properties [ 28 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

“…Generally, quaternary ammonium compounds are biodegradable under aerobic conditions. However, the sorption process is much faster than biodegradation, so these compounds are susceptible to accumulation in the environment, especially anoxic and anaerobic environments [ 31 , 38 ]. Due to widespread production and good availability, their cost is relatively low compared to other tetraalkylammonium cations.…”