Quantifying the Levels of the Mutagenic, Carcinogenic Hydroxylated Aflatoxins (AFM1 and AFM2) in Artisanal Oaxaca-Type Cheeses from the City of Veracruz, Mexico

Abstract

Microbial & Biochemical Technology J o u rn al of M ic ro b ia l & Bioc h e m ic a l Te chno lo g y

A Review of the Impact of Mycotoxins on Dairy Cattle Health: Challenges for Food Safety and Dairy Production in Sub-Saharan Africa

“…AFM2 is also another metabolite of hydroxylation of AFB2 but is of little concern as compared to AFM1. Hernandez-Camarillo et al [78] reported an occurrence of AFM2 in 20% of cheese in Mexico (mean 0.2 µg/kg) in comparison with 53% reported for AFM1 (mean 3.0 µg/kg) in the same samples [78]. With the higher occurrence of AFB1 in dairy feed in comparison with AFB2 in SSA, AFM1 is therefore of major concern as compared to AFM2.…”

Presence of Aflatoxin Carcinogens in Fresh and Mature Cheeses

“…A report of artisanal Oaxaca fresh cheese from the State of Veracruz, Mexico, examined AFM 1 and AFM 2 in 30 samples, with 16/30 (53%) having AFM 1 contamination (0.01 to 44 µg kg -1 ). AFM 2 was less frequent, present only in 6/30 (20%), with a concentration range between 0.67 and 3.43 µg kg -1 [28].…”

“…AFs have been identified in raw and pasteurized milk in Brazil, Turkey, Kuwait, Italy, Serbia [21][22][23] and Australia [24]. There are reports of AFs (AFB 1 , AFM 1 and AFL) in 580 L of Mexican milk, where 13% of pasteurized and 8% of ultrapasteurized milk with different amounts of fat contained AFL (>0.05 µg L -1 ) [25,26] and AFL was also found in artisanal Oaxaca cheese in Veracruz, Mexico [27,28]. There were only traces of AFB 1 (0 a 0.4 µg/L), and the amount of fat was not significant.…”

Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 Concentrations During Production and Long Storage of Salted (Tuzlu) Yogurt

“…International agency for research on cancer (IARC) categorized AFB1 as Group I of carcinogen and AFM1 as Group 2B of carcinogenic compounds [1,7]. AFB1 is thought to be the most potent toxic aflatoxin and metabolically produces the monohydroxy derivative AFM1 [8,9,10]. AFM1 is almost as acutely toxic as AFB1, while its mutagenic and carcinogenic potential seems to be lower [11,12,13].…”

“…AFB1 is thought to be the most potent toxic aflatoxin and metabolically produces the monohydroxy derivative AFM1 [8,9,10]. AFM1 is almost as acutely toxic as AFB1, while its mutagenic and carcinogenic potential seems to be lower [11,12,13].…”