Quantifying the effects of fuel compositions on GDI-derived particle emissions using the optimal mixture design of experiments

Zhang, Zhichao; Gong, Weiping; Liang, Zheng Zhao

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.081

Cited by 52 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The variables in mixture experiments are not independent; that is, changing one variable influences at least one other variable. Thus, the sum of all the proportions of the mixture components should be unity Equations (1) and (2) (Chen, Zhang, Gong, & Liang, ):

0 \leq x_{i} \geq 1, i = 1, 2, \dots, q,

\sum_{i = 1}^{n} x_{i} = x_{1} + x_{2} + \dots + x_{q} = 1,

where x i is the mixture proportion for ingredient i , and q is the number of ingredients. According to Liu, Li, Weng, Wong, and Tan (), a delimited subregion of interest in the mixture design of experiments is constructed by placing restrictions on the mixture component proportions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effects of sugar composition on shelf life of hard candy: Optimization study using D‐optimal mixture design of experiments

Spanemberg

Korzenowski

Sellitto

2019

J Food Process Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of this study was to determine the sugar formulation that maximizes the shelf life and critical moisture content of hard candy and to verify the relationship between the response variables. The method used was the mixture design of experiments. Experimental points were determined using a D‐optimal mixture design. Industrial‐scale tests were conducted using three commercial sugars commonly found in hard candies. The models were fitted to the experimental results and evaluated via an analysis of variance. There was a maximum point (58.17 d) for the accelerated shelf life model, which was 0.600, 0.200, and 0.200 for the mass fractions of sucrose, 40 DE corn syrup, and 20 DE high‐maltose corn syrup, respectively; the maximum critical moisture content (3.88%) was 0.593, 0.228, and 0.179, respectively. The optimum formulation resulted in a product whose estimated shelf life extended 7 months beyond the expiration date usually used in the industry. Practical Applications The results have implications for increasing the shelf life and agility in the development of new products. A practical and low‐cost method for determining the critical moisture content using accelerated tests in the confectionery industry is proposed. This study is a direct application of the mixture design of experiments on an industrial scale and provides significant results not found in the literature.

show abstract

0 \leq x_{i} \geq 1, i = 1, 2, \dots, q,

\sum_{i = 1}^{n} x_{i} = x_{1} + x_{2} + \dots + x_{q} = 1,

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the sum of all the proportions of the mixture components should be unity Equations (1) and (2) (Chen, Zhang, Gong, & Liang, 2015):…”

Section: Mixture Design Of Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of sugar composition on shelf life of hard candy: Optimization study using D‐optimal mixture design of experiments

Spanemberg

Korzenowski

Sellitto

2019

J Food Process Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The adverse effects of vehicular emissions, especially particulate matter emissions on health and environment have triggered research interests in fuel formulations (Chen et al, 2012b;Giakoumis et al, 2012;Millo et al, 2012;Chen et al, 2015;Amara et al, 2016), engine calibration and designs (Chen et al, 2012a;Lee and Jeong, 2012;Tan et al, 2014;Chen et al, 2017), and effective after treatment technologies (Mamakos et al, 2013b;Lee et al, 2015) to reduce ultrafine particle emissions. Increasingly stringent regulations such as Euro 5/6 legislation, which specifies a non-volatile particle number emission limit of 6 × 10 11 particles km -1 to complement the mass-based limit for particulate emissions from light-duty diesel vehicles, have been proposed Otsuki et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation of a Condensation Particle Counter Challenged by Particles with Varying Wettability to Working Liquid

Zhang

2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The counting efficiency of an in-house laminar flow Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) was investigated experimentally. The CPC was challenged by different sources of particles (ambient particles, and combustion particles generated from CH 4 and C 2 H 4 ), and the counting efficiency of the in-house ultrafine CPC (IUCPC) was obtained by comparing particle concentration data measured by the IUCPC with that measured by a reference instrument, TSI CPC 3775. The counting efficiency is closely related to the contact angle (an indication of the wettability of particles by the working fluid) and the combination of the saturator and the condenser temperatures. The particles from different sources appeared to have different contact angles, in other words, different wettability by the working liquid.

show abstract

“…There is a strong link between PM emissions from GDI engines and the composition and properties of the gasoline. These effects are in general dominated by the aromatic content of the fuel, but other fuel components and properties notably olefin content, oxygenate content, sulphur content, fuel volatility, enthalpy of vaporization and boiling points of individual components have significant effects on PM emissions [1,69,84,85,[115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127].…”

Section: Effect Of Gasoline Composition and Properties On Gdi Pm Emismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques

et al. 2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Particulate Matter (PM) emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, particularly Particle Number (PN) emissions, have been studied intensively in both academia and industry because of the adverse effects of ultrafine PM emissions on human health and other environmental concerns. GDI engines are known to emit a higher number of PN emissions (on an engine-out basis) than Port Fuel Injection (PFI) engines, due to the reduced mixture homogeneity in GDI engines. Euro 6 emission standards have been introduced in Europe (and similarly in China) to limit PN emissions from GDI engines. This article summarises the current state of research in GDI PN emissions (engine-out) including a discussion of PN formation, and the characteristics of PN emissions from GDI engines. The effect of key GDI engine operating parameters is analysed, including air-fuel ratio, ignition and injection timing, injection pressure, and EGR; in addition the effect of fuel composition on particulate emissions is explored, including the effect of oxygenate components such as ethanol.

show abstract

Quantifying the effects of fuel compositions on GDI-derived particle emissions using the optimal mixture design of experiments

Cited by 52 publications

References 14 publications

Effects of sugar composition on shelf life of hard candy: Optimization study using D‐optimal mixture design of experiments

Effects of sugar composition on shelf life of hard candy: Optimization study using D‐optimal mixture design of experiments

Experimental Investigation of a Condensation Particle Counter Challenged by Particles with Varying Wettability to Working Liquid

A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About