Quantifying the contribution of EV battery swapping stations to the economic and reliability performance of future distribution system

Coordinated planning of charging swapping stations and active distribution network based on EV spatial‐temporal load forecasting

“…The SCS operation model is given by ( 23)-( 28): (23) is the relationship among SCS i power P SCS i,t and charging power P CII,c i, j ,t and discharging power P CII,d i, j ,t of charger-II j; (24) and ( 25) represent the states and upper limit P CII max [43] of charger-II's power, respectively; (26) represents the coupling between battery level and power of battery; (27) is the relationship among SCS i power, battery level…”

“…where 𝛽 is the discount rate [27]; Y DG , Y LI , Y SU , and Y CSS e are the service life of DG, power line, substation, and CSS equipment e, respectively [30]; D is the number of days per year [62] The electricity consumption of CSS and basic load, as well as the network losses and DG power outputs, are included in cost C E given by: where c E t is the power purchase price of ADN at time t; P CSS c,t and P L k,t are the powers of CSS i and basic load k, respectively; P DG d ,t is the power outputs of DG d; P lo t is the network power loss of the ADN; Φ LOAD is the set of basic loads.…”

“…In (19)–(22) $$P_{{\mathrm{max}}}^{{\mathrm{CI}}}$$ is the charger‐I maximum power [43]; $$E_{{\mathrm{max}}}^{{\mathrm{PEV,o}}}$$ and $$E_{{\mathrm{min}}}^{{\mathrm{PEV,o}}}$$ are the upper and lower limits of battery level of PEV [27]; $${{\Delta}}T$$ is the unit duration [33]; $$\eta _{\mathrm{c}}^{{\mathrm{CH}}}$$ is the charging efficiency [39, 44, 61]; $$t_0^{{\mathrm{PEV}}}$$ and $${{\Delta}}{t_{{\mathrm{PEV}}}}$$ are the charging initial time and duration of a PEV, respectively. SCS operation …”

“…In ( 19)-( 22) P CI max is the charger-I maximum power [43]; E PEV,o max and E PEV,o min are the upper and lower limits of battery level of PEV [27]; ΔT is the unit duration [33]; 𝜂 CH c is the charging efficiency [39,44,61]; t PEV 0 and Δt PEV are the charging initial time and duration of a PEV, respectively.…”

“…SEV load forecasting is dealt with different approaches: PEV data are used to forecast the SEV load or to obtain the load curve of SEVs [23,[25][26][27][28][29] or fixed SEV load spatial distributions are assumed [24].…”