“…Backbone extraction has a wide range of applications. One uses it for various types of networks, such as social 68 – 76 , biological 77 , brain 78 – 81 , gene 82 – 86 , metabolic 87 – 91 , food web 92 , 93 , environmental 94 , 95 , finance 96 – 99 , trade 100 – 104 , information 105 – 108 , political 109 , 110 , transportation 111 – 115 , and others 116 – 119 . These applications have a broad range of uses, including clustering, classification, community detection, outlier detection, pattern set mining, identification of sources of infection in large graphs, and visualization, among others.…”