Quantifying Bound Proteins on Pegylated Gold Nanoparticles Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract

Protein–nanoparticle (NP) complexes are nanomaterials that have numerous potential uses ranging from biosensing to biomedical applications such as drug delivery and nanomedicine. Despite their extensive use quantifying the number of bound proteins per NP remains a challenging characterization step that is crucial for further developments of the conjugate, particularly for metal NPs that often interfere with standard protein quantification techniques. In this work, we present a method for quantifying the number of proteins bound to pegylated thiol-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using an infrared (IR) spectrometer, a readily available instrument. This method takes advantage of the strong IR bands present in proteins and the capping ligands to quantify protein–NP ratios and circumvents the need to degrade the NPs prior to analysis. We show that this method is generalizable where calibration curves made using inexpensive and commercially available proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) can be used to quantify protein–NP ratios for proteins of different sizes and structures.